---
title: minimisation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «minimisation» in the school dictionary: Making something as small as possible: «the minimisation of waste». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# minimisation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Making, problem, minimisation, school, Risk minimisation, maths puzzle · **What happens:** make, minimise, find, value, be, have · **To what, where:** something, waste, smallest possible value, problem, bullying, waste minimisation plan · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«minimisation» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [minimisation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/minimisation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making something as small as possible: «the minimisation of waste».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:minimisation:m1:1
# text = Making something as small as possible: «the minimisation of waste».
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	as	as	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
5	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	possible	possible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	minimisation	minimisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | something |  |  |  | the minimisation of waste *obl*; small *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |
| 2 | **minimise** *in a quote* |  |  | waste |  |  |  |  | nom minimisation «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: maths — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Finding the smallest possible value of something under some rules.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:minimisation:m2:1
# text = Finding the smallest possible value of something under some rules.
1	Finding	find	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	smallest	small	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	amod	_	_
4	possible	possible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	value	value	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nmod	_	_
8	under	under	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
10	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | gerund |  | the smallest possible value of something |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent value=Topic |
| 2 | **value** |  |  | something |  |  |  |  | nom value «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making a problem seem less serious than it really is: «minimisation of bullying is harmful».

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:minimisation:m3:1
# text = Making a problem seem less serious than it really is: «minimisation of bullying is harmful».
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	problem	problem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	seem	seem	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	6	advmod	_	_
6	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	really	really	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	minimisation	minimisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	bullying	bullying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
17	harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | a problem |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset problem=Product |
| 2 | **is** | present | Making |  |  |  |  | less, serious *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** | present | problem |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **is** *in a quote* | present | minimisation of bullying |  |  |  |  | harmful *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **minimise** *in a quote* |  |  | bullying |  |  |  |  | nom minimisation «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The school has a waste minimisation plan.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:minimisation:x1:1
# text = The school has a waste minimisation plan.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	minimisation	minimisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	plan	plan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the school | a waste minimisation plan |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plan=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Risk minimisation means wearing a helmet when cycling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:minimisation:x2:1
# text = Risk minimisation means wearing a helmet when cycling.
1	Risk	risk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	minimisation	minimisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	wearing	wear	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	helmet	helmet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
8	cycling	cycle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Risk minimisation |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **wear** *not said to happen* | gerund | Risk minimisation *not said here* | a helmet |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent helmet=Theme |
| 3 | **cycle** | gerund | Risk minimisation *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The maths puzzle was about minimisation of the travel distance.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:minimisation:x3:1
# text = The maths puzzle was about minimisation of the travel distance.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	compound	_	_
3	puzzle	puzzle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	minimisation	minimisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	travel	travel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	distance	distance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the maths puzzle |  |  |  |  | about minimisation; of the travel distance | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Minimisation of costs helped the club save money.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:minimisation:x4:1
# text = Minimisation of costs helped the club save money.
1	Minimisation	minimisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	costs	cost	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	club	club	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	save	save	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
8	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | past | Minimisation of costs | the club |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent club=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **save** | infinitive | the club *not said here* | money |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Theme |
| 3 | **minimise** |  |  | costs |  |  |  |  | nom minimisation «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Saying «it's just teasing» can be a minimisation of bullying.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:minimisation:x5:1
# text = Saying «it's just teasing» can be a minimisation of bullying.
1	Saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	csubj	_	_
2	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	just	just	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	teasing	tease	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	cop	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	minimisation	minimisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	bullying	bullying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **tease** *in a quote* | present · progressive | it |  |  |  |  |  | vn ferret-35.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | can | Saying | a minimisation |  |  |  | of bullying | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Engineers work on the minimisation of energy use.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:minimisation:x6:1
# text = Engineers work on the minimisation of energy use.
1	Engineers	engineer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	work	work	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	minimisation	minimisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	energy	energy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | present | Engineers |  |  |  |  | on the minimisation of energy use | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on minimisation=Theme |
| 2 | **minimise** |  |  | energy use |  |  |  |  | nom minimisation «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Minimisation and maximisation are both kinds of optimisation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:minimisation:x7:1
# text = Minimisation and maximisation are both kinds of optimisation.
1	Minimisation	minimisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	maximisation	maximisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	kinds	kind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	optimisation	optimisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Minimisation and maximisation | both kinds |  |  |  | of optimisation | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The minimisation of plastic packaging is good for the oceans.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:minimisation:x8:1
# text = The minimisation of plastic packaging is good for the oceans.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	minimisation	minimisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	plastic	plastic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	packaging	packaging	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	oceans	ocean	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the minimisation of plastic packaging |  |  |  |  | for the oceans; good *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **minimise** |  |  | plastic packaging |  |  |  |  | nom minimisation «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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