---
title: misinformation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «misinformation» in the school dictionary: Wrong or false information, often spread by mistake. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# misinformation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, posts, lots, teacher, Misinformation, fact checker · **What happens:** spread, trick, not share, check, not be, be · **To what, where:** Wrong information, False information, purpose, people, posts, misinformation · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«misinformation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [misinformation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/misinformation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wrong or false information, often spread by mistake.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:misinformation:m1:1
# text = Wrong or false information, often spread by mistake.
1	Wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	information	information	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	often	often	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	spread	spread	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	mistake	mistake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | participle |  | Wrong information *not said here* |  |  |  | by mistake; often *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by mistake=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: often confused with disinformation — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
False information spread on purpose to trick people.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:misinformation:m2:1
# text = False information spread on purpose to trick people.
1	False	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	information	information	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	spread	spread	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	purpose	purpose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	trick	trick	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | participle |  | False information *not said here* |  | purpose |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on purpose=Location |
| 2 | **trick** | to-infinitive |  | people |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't share posts until you check they aren't misinformation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:misinformation:x1:1
# text = Don't share posts until you check they aren't misinformation.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	share	share	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	posts	post	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	check	check	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
11	misinformation	misinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **share** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | posts |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **check** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **not** **is a** | present | posts *= post* | misinformation |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was lots of misinformation about the virus online.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:misinformation:x2:1
# text = There was lots of misinformation about the virus online.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	lots	lot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	misinformation	misinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	online	online	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | lots of misinformation about the virus |  |  | there |  | online *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher showed us how to spot misinformation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:misinformation:x3:1
# text = The teacher showed us how to spot misinformation.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	spot	spot	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
8	misinformation	misinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the teacher |  | us |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent we=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **spot** | to-infinitive |  | misinformation |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme misinformation=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Misinformation can spread faster than the truth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:misinformation:x4:1
# text = Misinformation can spread faster than the truth.
1	Misinformation	misinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	spread	spread	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	faster	fast	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	3	advmod	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | can | Misinformation |  |  |  |  | fast *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A fact-checker said the story was misinformation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:misinformation:x5:1
# text = A fact-checker said the story was misinformation.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	fact	fact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	checker	checker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	misinformation	misinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | a fact checker |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | past | the story | misinformation |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bots spread misinformation during the election.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:misinformation:x6:1
# text = Bots spread misinformation during the election.
1	Bots	bot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	misinformation	misinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	during	during	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	election	election	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | past | Bots | misinformation |  |  | during the election |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location misinformation=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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