---
title: modelling — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «modelling» in the school dictionary: Making models: small copies of things, or shapes from clay, Plasticine or other materials. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/M/modelling/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [M](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/M/) / modelling

# modelling

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** job, fashion model, simplified version, something, Showing, We · **What happens:** make, copy, wear, job, show, work · **To what, where:** models, things, clothes, simplified version, others, it · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«modelling» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [modelling in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/modelling.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making models: small copies of things, or shapes from clay, Plasticine or other materials.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:m1:1
# text = Making models: small copies of things, or shapes from clay, Plasticine or other materials.
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	models	model	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
4	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	copies	copy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	shapes	shape	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	clay	clay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	Plasticine	plasticine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	materials	material	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | models |  |  |  | small copies of things or shapes from clay and Plasticine or other materials *obl* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset model=Product |
| 2 | **copy** |  |  | things |  |  |  |  | nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The job of a fashion model: wearing clothes for photos or shows.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:m2:1
# text = The job of a fashion model: wearing clothes for photos or shows.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	fashion	fashion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	model	model	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
8	wearing	wear	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
9	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	8	obj	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	photos	photo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	shows	show	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | gerund | the job of a fashion model *not said here* | clothes |  |  |  | for photos or shows | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent clothes=Source |
| 2 | **job** |  | a fashion model |  |  |  |  |  | nom job «act intransitive»: of=agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science, maths — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making a simplified version or a set of rules (a model) that shows how something works, often on a computer, to predict things.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:m3:1
# text = Making a simplified version or a set of rules (a model) that shows how something works, often on a computer, to predict things.
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	simplified	simplified	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	version	version	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	set	set	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	model	model	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	12	punct	_	_
14	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
15	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
16	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	18	advmod	_	_
17	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	18	nsubj	_	_
18	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	often	often	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
21	on	on	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	to	to	PART	TO	_	26	mark	_	_
26	predict	predict	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	conj	_	_
27	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | a simplified version or a set of rules |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset version=Product |
| 2 | **show** | present | a simplified version or a set of rules |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **work** | present | something |  |  |  |  | on a computer | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on computer=Theme |
| 4 | **predict** | to-infinitive | something *not said here* | things |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot thing=Topic |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: behaviour — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Showing others how to behave by doing it yourself: «modelling good manners».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:m4:1
# text = Showing others how to behave by doing it yourself: «modelling good manners».
1	Showing	show	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	behave	behave	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	doing	do	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	yourself	yourself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	modelling	modelling	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	parataxis	_	_
13	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	manners	manners	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | gerund |  | others |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent other=Recipient |
| 2 | **behave** | to-infinitive | Showing |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** | gerund | Showing *not said here* | it |  |  |  | yourself *obl* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality |
| 4 | **modelling** *in a quote* | gerund |  | good manners |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We did clay modelling in art today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:x1:1
# text = We did clay modelling in art today.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	clay	clay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	modelling	modelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	art	art	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past | We | clay modelling |  | art | today |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent modelling=Eventuality |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Weather forecasts use computer modelling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:x2:1
# text = Weather forecasts use computer modelling.
1	Weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	forecasts	forecast	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	modelling	modelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Weather forecasts | computer modelling |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent modelling=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My cousin does modelling for a clothes catalogue.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:x3:1
# text = My cousin does modelling for a clothes catalogue.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	modelling	modelling	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	8	nsubj	_	_
8	catalogue	catalogue	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | present | My cousin |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **modelling** | gerund | My cousin *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **catalogue** | present | a clothes |  |  |  |  |  | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher is modelling how to set out a long division.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:x4:1
# text = The teacher is modelling how to set out a long division.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	modelling	modelling	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	set	set	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	ccomp	_	_
8	out	out	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	division	division	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **modelling** | present · progressive | the teacher |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **set out** | to-infinitive | the teacher *not said here* | a long division |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Modelling the Solar System with balls showed us the sizes of the planets.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:x5:1
# text = Modelling the Solar System with balls showed us the sizes of the planets.
1	Modelling	modelling	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	Solar	Solar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	System	System	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	balls	ball	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
7	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	iobj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sizes	size	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	planets	planet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **modelling** | gerund |  | the Solar System |  |  |  | with balls | tree rules |
| 2 | **show** | past | Modelling | the sizes of the planets | us |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient size=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Modelling kind behaviour helps younger children learn.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:x6:1
# text = Modelling kind behaviour helps younger children learn.
1	Modelling	modelling	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	kind	kind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
6	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	learn	learn	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **modelling** | gerund |  | kind behaviour |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **help** | present | Modelling |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **learn** | present | younger children |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Maths modelling turns a word problem into an equation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:x7:1
# text = Maths modelling turns a word problem into an equation.
1	Maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	compound	_	_
2	modelling	modelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	turns	turn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	problem	problem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	into	into	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	equation	equation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | present | Maths modelling | a word problem |  | a equation |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent problem=Theme into equation=Trajectory |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad spends weekends modelling a tiny railway.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:modelling:x8:1
# text = Dad spends weekends modelling a tiny railway.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spends	spend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	weekends	weekend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	modelling	modelling	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	railway	railway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | present | Dad |  |  |  | weekend |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **modelling** | gerund | weekends *not said here* | a tiny railway |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [model](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/M/model/)
- next →: [modem](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/M/modem/)
- ↑ back to [M in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/M/)