---
title: monarch — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «monarch» in the school dictionary: A monarch is a king or queen (or emperor or empress) who rules a country, usually because they were born into the royal family. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# monarch

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** monarch, king, that, Henry, Monarch butterflies, We · **What happens:** be, rule, bear, travel, open, have · **To what, where:** king, rules, royal family, large butterfly, long distances, Parliament · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«monarch» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [monarch in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/monarch.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A monarch is a king or queen (or emperor or empress) who rules a country, usually because they were born into the royal family.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:monarch:m1:1
# text = A monarch is a king or queen (or emperor or empress) who rules a country, usually because they were born into the royal family.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	monarch	monarch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	queen	queen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	emperor	emperor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	empress	empress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	_
14	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
15	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
19	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
20	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
21	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
22	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	born	bear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
24	into	into	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	royal	royal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a monarch | a king or queen and rules |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **rule** |  | a king or queen and rules |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **bear** | past · passive |  | rules *= rule* |  | the royal family |  | usually *property* | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A monarch (butterfly) is a large orange-and-black butterfly of North America that travels very long distances.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:monarch:m2:1
# text = A monarch (butterfly) is a large orange-and-black butterfly of North America that travels very long distances.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	monarch	monarch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	butterfly	butterfly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	4	punct	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
8	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
9	orange	orange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	_
14	butterfly	butterfly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj	_	_
19	travels	travel	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	parataxis	_	_
20	very	very	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	distances	distance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a monarch | a large butterfly |  |  |  | of North America | tree rules |
| 2 | **travel** | present | that | long distances |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme distance=Trajectory |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The monarch opened Parliament with a speech.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:monarch:x1:1
# text = The monarch opened Parliament with a speech.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	monarch	monarch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	opened	open	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Parliament	Parliament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | past | the monarch | Parliament |  |  |  | with a speech | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent parliament=Patient with speech=Instrument |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Henry the Eighth was a famous English monarch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:monarch:x2:1
# text = Henry the Eighth was a famous English monarch.
1	Henry	Henry	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Eighth	Eighth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	monarch	monarch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Henry | a famous English monarch |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The country's monarch has little real power today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:monarch:x3:1
# text = The country's monarch has little real power today.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	monarch	monarch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the country's monarch | little real power  today |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent power=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Monarch butterflies fly thousands of kilometres.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:monarch:x4:1
# text = Monarch butterflies fly thousands of kilometres.
1	Monarch	monarch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	butterflies	butterfly	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fly	fly	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | present | Monarch butterflies | thousands of kilometres |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location thousand=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A monarch usually inherits the throne.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:monarch:x5:1
# text = A monarch usually inherits the throne.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	monarch	monarch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	inherits	inherit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	throne	throne	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **inherit** | present | a monarch | the throne |  |  |  | usually *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent throne=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We made a timeline of all the monarchs we studied.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:monarch:x6:1
# text = We made a timeline of all the monarchs we studied.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	timeline	timeline	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	8	det:predet	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	monarchs	monarch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	studied	study	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | We | a timeline of all monarchs |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent timeline=Product |
| 2 | **study** | past | we | all monarchs *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent monarch=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“Give me my horn,” said the gracious monarch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:monarch:x7:1
# text = “Give me my horn,” said the gracious monarch.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	ccomp	_	_
3	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	iobj	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	horn	horn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
8	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	gracious	gracious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	monarch	monarch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | my horn | the gracious monarch *= monarch* |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent i=Recipient horn=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the gracious monarch |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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