---
title: mono — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «mono» in the school dictionary: Mono is short for monophonic: sound recorded or played through one channel, so it comes from one speaker and not left and right like stereo. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# mono

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Mono, virus, you, one ear, cousin, monorail · **What happens:** be, record, play, come, cause, make · **To what, where:** sound, one channel, illness, you, glandular fever, UK · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«mono» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [mono in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/mono.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mono is short for monophonic: sound recorded or played through one channel, so it comes from one speaker and not left and right like stereo.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mono:m1:1
# text = Mono is short for monophonic: sound recorded or played through one channel, so it comes from one speaker and not left and right like stereo.
1	Mono	mono	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	monophonic	monophonic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	_
8	recorded	record	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	played	play	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
11	through	through	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	channel	channel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	so	so	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
18	from	from	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	20	nummod	_	_
20	speaker	speaker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	23	advmod	_	_
23	left	left	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	conj	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	conj	_	_
26	like	like	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	stereo	stereo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Mono |  |  |  |  | for monophonic; short *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **record** | participle |  | sound *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **play** | participle |  |  |  | one channel |  |  | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **come** | present | Mono |  |  |  |  | from one speaker | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from speaker=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: US, informal, medicine — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mono is short for mononucleosis, an illness caused by a virus that makes you very tired with a sore throat and swollen glands (in the UK called glandular fever).

<!-- fold The tree, 29 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mono:m2:1
# text = Mono is short for mononucleosis, an illness caused by a virus that makes you very tired with a sore throat and swollen glands (in the UK called glandular fever).
1	Mono	mono	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	mononucleosis	mononucleosis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
9	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
13	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
14	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	14	obj	_	_
16	very	very	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	tired	tired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	xcomp	_	_
18	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	sore	sore	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	throat	throat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	swollen	swollen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	glands	gland	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	_
25	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
29	called	call	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	parataxis	_	_
30	glandular	glandular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	fever	fever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Mono |  |  |  |  | for mononucleosis; short *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **cause** | participle |  | a illness *not said here* |  |  |  | by a virus | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 3 | **make** | present | a virus | you |  |  |  | tired *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset you=Product |
| 4 | **call** | past |  | glandular fever |  | the UK |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent fever=Recipient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mono- at the start of a word means one or single, as in monorail, monologue, monochrome, monotone.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mono:m3:1
# text = Mono- at the start of a word means one or single, as in monorail, monologue, monochrome, monotone.
1	Mono	mono	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	start	start	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	obj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	as	as	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	monorail	monorail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	monologue	monologue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	monochrome	monochrome	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	monotone	monotone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Mono | one |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Topic |
| 2 | **start** |  |  | a word |  |  |  |  | nom start «event transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mono can be short for monochrome (one colour, or black and white).

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mono:m4:1
# text = Mono can be short for monochrome (one colour, or black and white).
1	Mono	mono	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
4	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	monochrome	monochrome	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | can | Mono |  |  |  |  | for monochrome; short *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old records were recorded in mono.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mono:x1:1
# text = Old records were recorded in mono.
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	records	record	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	recorded	record	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	mono	mono	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **record** | past · passive |  | Old records |  | mono |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in mono=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Switch the headphones to mono if one ear doesn't work.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mono:x2:1
# text = Switch the headphones to mono if one ear doesn't work.
1	Switch	switch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	headphones	headphone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	mono	mono	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
7	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	ear	ear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
9	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
11	work	work	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **switch** | imperative | you *not said here* | the headphones |  |  |  | to mono *result* | vn convert-26.6.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent headphone=Patient to mono=Result |
| 2 | **not** **work** *a condition, not said to happen* | present · do-support | one ear |  |  |  |  |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My cousin had mono and missed three weeks of school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mono:x3:1
# text = My cousin had mono and missed three weeks of school.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	mono	mono	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	missed	miss	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	weeks	week	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | My cousin | mono |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mono=Patient |
| 2 | **miss** | past | My cousin *not said here* |  |  |  | week |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A monorail runs on just one rail.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mono:x4:1
# text = A monorail runs on just one rail.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	monorail	monorail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	runs	run	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	just	just	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	rail	rail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present | a monorail |  |  | one rail |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on rail=Trajectory |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A monologue is a speech by one person.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mono:x5:1
# text = A monologue is a speech by one person.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	monologue	monologue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a monologue | a speech |  |  |  | by one person | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't share drinks: mono spreads through spit.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mono:x6:1
# text = Don't share drinks: mono spreads through spit.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	share	share	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	drinks	drink	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	mono	mono	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	through	through	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	spit	spit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **share** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | drinks |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **spread** | present | mono |  |  | spit |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through spit=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The photo looks great in mono.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mono:x7:1
# text = The photo looks great in mono.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	photo	photo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	mono	mono	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | the photo |  |  |  |  | in mono; great *property* | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in mono=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [monkey](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/M/monkey/)
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