---
title: montezuma — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «montezuma» in the school dictionary: Montezuma (also Moctezuma) was a famous ruler, or emperor, of the Aztecs in Mexico long ago, when Spanish soldiers arrived. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# montezuma

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Montezuma, Spanish soldiers, revenge, travellers, Spanish, history project · **What happens:** be, arrive, mean, catch, revenge, project · **To what, where:** famous ruler, upset tummy, food, ruler, great palace, revenge

<!-- .vabout -->
«montezuma» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [montezuma in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/montezuma.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Montezuma (also Moctezuma) was a famous ruler, or emperor, of the Aztecs in Mexico long ago, when Spanish soldiers arrived.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:montezuma:m1:1
# text = Montezuma (also Moctezuma) was a famous ruler, or emperor, of the Aztecs in Mexico long ago, when Spanish soldiers arrived.
1	Montezuma	Montezuma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	Moctezuma	Moctezuma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	4	punct	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	ruler	ruler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	emperor	emperor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	Aztecs	Aztec	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	9	appos	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	Mexico	Mexico	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
19	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	20	advmod	_	_
20	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	25	mark	_	_
23	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj	_	_
25	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Montezuma | a famous ruler or emperor |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **arrive** | past | Spanish soldiers |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: slang, joking — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Montezuma's revenge» means an upset tummy and diarrhoea that travellers catch from food or water abroad.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:montezuma:m2:1
# text = «Montezuma's revenge» means an upset tummy and diarrhoea that travellers catch from food or water abroad.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Montezuma	Montezuma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	revenge	revenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	upset	upset	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	tummy	tummy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	diarrhoea	diarrhoea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	obj	_	_
13	travellers	traveller	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	catch	catch	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
19	abroad	abroad	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Montezuma's revenge | a upset tummy and diarrhoea |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tummy=Topic |
| 2 | **catch** | present | travellers | a upset tummy and diarrhoea |  | food or water |  | abroad *property* | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent that=Theme from food=Source |
| 3 | **revenge** *in a quote* |  | Montezuma |  |  |  |  |  | nom revenge «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Montezuma was the ruler of the Aztecs when the Spanish arrived.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:montezuma:x1:1
# text = Montezuma was the ruler of the Aztecs when the Spanish arrived.
1	Montezuma	Montezuma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	ruler	ruler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Aztecs	Aztec	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	appos	_	_
8	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	11	mark	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Spanish	Spanish	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Montezuma | the ruler |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **arrive** | past | the Spanish |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our history project was about Montezuma and the city of Tenochtitlan.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:montezuma:x2:1
# text = Our history project was about Montezuma and the city of Tenochtitlan.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	project	project	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Montezuma	Montezuma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Tenochtitlan	Tenochtitlan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Our history project |  |  |  |  | about Montezuma and the city of Tenochtitlan | tree rules |
| 2 | **project** |  | Our |  |  |  |  |  | nom project «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Montezuma lived in a great palace with gardens and zoos.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:montezuma:x3:1
# text = Montezuma lived in a great palace with gardens and zoos.
1	Montezuma	Montezuma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	palace	palace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	gardens	garden	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	zoos	zoo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | Montezuma |  |  | a great palace with gardens and zoos |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in palace=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Uncle Pete got Montezuma's revenge after drinking tap water on holiday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:montezuma:x4:1
# text = Uncle Pete got Montezuma's revenge after drinking tap water on holiday.
1	Uncle	Uncle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Pete	Pete	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Montezuma	Montezuma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	revenge	revenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	drinking	drink	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
9	tap	tap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	holiday	holiday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | Uncle | Montezuma's revenge |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer revenge=Stimulus |
| 2 | **drink** | gerund | Uncle *not said here* | tap water |  | holiday |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient |
| 3 | **revenge** |  | Montezuma |  |  |  |  |  | nom revenge «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Montezuma met the Spanish leader Cortes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:montezuma:x5:1
# text = Montezuma met the Spanish leader Cortes.
1	Montezuma	Montezuma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	met	meet	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	leader	leader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	Cortes	Cortes	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **meet** | past | Montezuma | the Spanish leader |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leader=Co-Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The town of Montezuma is named after the Aztec ruler.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:montezuma:x6:1
# text = The town of Montezuma is named after the Aztec ruler.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Montezuma	Montezuma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	after	after	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	Aztec	Aztec	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	ruler	ruler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **name** | present · passive |  | the town of Montezuma |  |  | after the Aztec ruler |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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