---
title: muff — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «muff» in the school dictionary: A muff is a soft tube of fur or warm cloth that you put both hands into from each end to keep them warm, worn in old times. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# muff

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** muff, you, Ear muffs, two soft pads, rude word, lady · **What happens:** be, put, keep, wear, join, block out · **To what, where:** soft tube, end, hands, two soft pads, ears, loud noise · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«muff» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [muff in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/muff.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A muff is a soft tube of fur or warm cloth that you put both hands into from each end to keep them warm, worn in old times.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muff:m1:1
# text = A muff is a soft tube of fur or warm cloth that you put both hands into from each end to keep them warm, worn in old times.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	muff	muff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	tube	tube	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	fur	fur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	obj	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
15	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	16	det	_	_
16	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
17	into	into	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	from	from	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	20	det	_	_
20	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	advcl	_	_
23	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	_
24	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	worn	wear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	24	conj	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a muff | a soft tube |  |  |  | of fur or warm cloth | tree rules |
| 2 | **put** | past | you | a soft tube |  |  | into each end |  | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent that=Asset hand=Goal |
| 3 | **keep** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | hands *= hand* |  |  |  | warm *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 4 | **wear** | participle | you *not said here* |  |  |  | time |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ear muffs are two soft pads joined by a band that keep your ears warm or block out loud noise.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muff:m2:1
# text = Ear muffs are two soft pads joined by a band that keep your ears warm or block out loud noise.
1	Ear	ear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	muffs	muff	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
5	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	pads	pad	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	joined	join	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	band	band	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	keep	keep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
13	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	xcomp	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	block	block	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	conj	_	_
18	out	out	ADP	RP	_	17	compound:prt	_	_
19	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	noise	noise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Ear muffs | two soft pads |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **join** | participle |  | two soft pads *not said here* |  |  |  | by a band | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **keep** | present | two soft pads | your ears |  |  |  | warm *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ear=Theme |
| 4 | **block out** | infinitive | two soft pads *not said here* | loud noise |  |  |  |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer noise=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb, informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To muff something means to do it badly or miss it, especially to drop a catch or spoil a chance.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muff:m3:1
# text = To muff something means to do it badly or miss it, especially to drop a catch or spoil a chance.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	muff	muff	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	csubj	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	advcl	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	badly	badly	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	6	advmod	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	miss	miss	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	drop	drop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	ccomp	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	catch	catch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	spoil	spoil	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	conj	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	chance	chance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **muff** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **do** | to-infinitive |  | it |  |  |  | badly *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality |
| 4 | **miss** | infinitive |  | it |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |
| 5 | **drop** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | a catch |  |  |  | especially *property* | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent catch=Theme |
| 6 | **spoil** | infinitive |  | a chance |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: rude, adult slang — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
a rude word grown-ups use; not for school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muff:m4:1
# text = a rude word grown-ups use; not for school.
1	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	grown	grow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	ups	up	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **use** | present | a rude word |  |  |  |  | for school | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the old painting, the lady carries a fur muff.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muff:x1:1
# text = In the old painting, the lady carries a fur muff.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	painting	painting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	lady	lady	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	carries	carry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	fur	fur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	muff	muff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present | the lady | a fur muff |  | the old painting |  |  | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent muff=Value in painting=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wear ear muffs when you use the loud drill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muff:x2:1
# text = Wear ear muffs when you use the loud drill.
1	Wear	wear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	ear	ear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	muffs	muff	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	6	mark	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	drill	drill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | imperative | you *not said here* | ear muffs |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent muff=Theme |
| 2 | **use** | present | you | the loud drill |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent drill=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma's muff kept her hands warm on the sleigh ride.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muff:x3:1
# text = Grandma's muff kept her hands warm on the sleigh ride.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	muff	muff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	warm	warm	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	ride	ride	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | past | Grandma's muff |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **warm** | present | her hands |  |  | the sleigh ride |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fielder muffed an easy catch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muff:x4:1
# text = The fielder muffed an easy catch.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fielder	fielder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	muffed	muff	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	easy	easy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	catch	catch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **muff** | past | the fielder | a easy catch |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I muffed my lines in the school play.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muff:x5:1
# text = I muffed my lines in the school play.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	muffed	muff	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	play	play	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **muff** | past | I | my lines |  | the school play |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't muff your chance to score!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muff:x6:1
# text = Don't muff your chance to score!
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	muff	muff	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	chance	chance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	score	score	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **muff** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | your chance |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **score** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | your chance *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **chance** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom chance «state intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And she dried Gerda’s eyes, and stuck both her hands in the beautiful warm muff.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muff:x7:1
# text = And she dried Gerda’s eyes, and stuck both her hands in the beautiful warm muff.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	dried	dry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Gerda	Gerda	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	’s	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	stuck	stick	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	both	both	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc:preconj	_	_
11	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
15	beautiful	beautiful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
16	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	muff	muff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dry** | past | she | Gerda's eyes |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient eye=Result |
| 2 | **stick** | past | she *not said here* | Gerda's hands |  | the beautiful warm muff |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent hand=Theme in muff=Destination |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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