---
title: muscle — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «muscle» in the school dictionary: A part of the body made of stretchy tissue that tightens and relaxes to make bones and parts of the body move. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# muscle

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** stretchy tissue, bones, Strength, Muscles, you, heart · **What happens:** make, tighten, relax, move, take, lift · **To what, where:** part, bones, muscle, that, you, football

<!-- .vabout -->
«muscle» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [muscle in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/muscle.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A part of the body made of stretchy tissue that tightens and relaxes to make bones and parts of the body move.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muscle:m1:1
# text = A part of the body made of stretchy tissue that tightens and relaxes to make bones and parts of the body move.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	stretchy	stretchy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	tissue	tissue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	tightens	tighten	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	relaxes	relax	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	xcomp	_	_
16	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	conj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
22	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a part of the body *not said here* |  |  |  | of stretchy tissue | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **tighten** | present | stretchy tissue |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **relax** | present | stretchy tissue *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **make** | to-infinitive | stretchy tissue *not said here* | bones and parts of the body |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset bone=Product |
| 5 | **move** | infinitive | bones and parts of the body *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Strength: «It takes muscle to lift that».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muscle:m2:1
# text = Strength: «It takes muscle to lift that».
1	Strength	strength	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	1	punct	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	lift	lift	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** *in a quote* | present | Strength | muscle |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent muscle=Theme |
| 2 | **lift** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | Strength *not said here* | that |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Muscles help you move your bones.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muscle:x1:1
# text = Muscles help you move your bones.
1	Muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Muscles | you |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent you=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **move** | infinitive | you *not said here* | your bones |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent bone=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your heart is a muscle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muscle:x2:1
# text = Your heart is a muscle.
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Your heart | a muscle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I pulled a muscle playing football.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muscle:x3:1
# text = I pulled a muscle playing football.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	pulled	pull	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	playing	play	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
6	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull** | past | I | a muscle |  |  |  |  | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent muscle=Theme |
| 2 | **play** | gerund | a muscle *not said here* | football |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent football=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Exercise makes your muscles stronger.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muscle:x4:1
# text = Exercise makes your muscles stronger.
1	Exercise	exercise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Exercise | your muscles |  |  |  | strong *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset muscle=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The biceps muscle bends your arm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muscle:x5:1
# text = The biceps muscle bends your arm.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	biceps	biceps	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	compound	_	_
3	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	bends	bend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bend** | present | the biceps muscle | your arm |  |  |  |  | vn knead-26.5 «NP V NP.material»: agent=Agent arm=Material |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stretch your muscles after running.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muscle:x6:1
# text = Stretch your muscles after running.
1	Stretch	stretch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	running	run	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stretch** | imperative | you *not said here* | your muscles |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent muscle=Patient |
| 2 | **run** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He has strong leg muscles from cycling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muscle:x7:1
# text = He has strong leg muscles from cycling.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	cycling	cycling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | He | strong leg muscles |  | cycling |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent muscle=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You use muscles in your face to smile.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muscle:x8:1
# text = You use muscles in your face to smile.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	smile	smile	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | You | muscles |  | your face |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent muscle=Patient |
| 2 | **smile** | to-infinitive | You *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After an hour he began to move, muscle by muscle, toward the jar.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:muscle:x9:1
# text = After an hour he began to move, muscle by muscle, toward the jar.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	toward	toward	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	jar	jar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | he |  |  |  | hour |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **move** | to-infinitive | he *not said here* | muscle |  | the jar |  | by muscle | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V PP.source PP.trajectory PP.destination»: agent=Theme by muscle=Source toward jar=Trajectory |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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