---
title: must — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «must» in the school dictionary: Must means something has to happen; it is needed or it is a rule: «You must wear shoes.». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# must

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** something, it, You, Gotta, I, everyday words · **What happens:** mean, have, happen, need, be, wear · **To what, where:** it, rule, shoes, something, everyday words, gotta · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«must» in the school dictionary: its 8 meanings for a pupil and its 13 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [must in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/must.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Must means something has to happen; it is needed or it is a rule: «You must wear shoes.».

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:m1:1
# text = Must means something has to happen; it is needed or it is a rule: «You must wear shoes.».
1	Must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	2	aux	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	happen	happen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	needed	need	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
19	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
20	wear	wear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	_
21	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | must |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** | present | something |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **happen** | to-infinitive | something *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **need** | present · passive |  | it |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: subject=Theme |
| 5 | **is a** | present | it | a rule |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **wear** *in a quote* | must | You | shoes |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent shoe=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Must also means you are almost sure something is true: «You must be tired.».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:m2:1
# text = Must also means you are almost sure something is true: «You must be tired.».
1	Must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	also	also	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
14	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
15	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	cop	_	_
16	tired	tired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | must |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | almost, sure *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | something |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is** *in a quote* | must | You |  |  |  |  | tired *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Must not» means it is not allowed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:m3:1
# text = «Must not» means it is not allowed.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	allowed	allow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **allow** | present · passive |  | it |  |  |  |  | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Beneficiary |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A must is something you really should do or have: «Sunscreen is a must.».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:m4:1
# text = A must is something you really should do or have: «Sunscreen is a must.».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	really	really	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl:relcl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	Sunscreen	sunscreen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | must |  | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | should | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **have** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Must have» + past form means you are almost sure about the past: «It must have rained.».

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:m5:1
# text = «Must have» + past form means you are almost sure about the past: «It must have rained.».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	+	+	SYM	SYM	_	7	cc	_	_
6	past	past	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
8	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
11	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	ccomp	_	_
13	about	about	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
19	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
20	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	aux	_	_
21	rained	rain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** *in a quote* | must |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | about the past; almost, sure *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **rain** *in a quote* | must · perfect · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: casual — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Gotta» and «have to» are the everyday words for must: «gotta go», «I've gotta save 30 more».

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:m6:1
# text = «Gotta» and «have to» are the everyday words for must: «gotta go», «I've gotta save 30 more».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Gotta	Gotta	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	everyday	everyday	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	gotta	gotta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
21	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	've	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	parataxis	_	_
24	gotta	gotta	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	23	obj	_	_
25	save	save	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
26	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	27	nummod	_	_
27	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** *in a quote* | present | Gotta *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Gotta | the everyday words |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **go** *in a quote* | infinitive | gotta |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **have** *in a quote* | present | I | gotta |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gotta=Patient |
| 5 | **save** *in a quote* | present | the everyday words | 30 more |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Theme |

## Meaning 7 {#m7}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: rough, sarcastic — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Must you?» means stop it, you are annoying; «if you must» means I don't like it, but fine.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:m7:1
# text = «Must you?» means stop it, you are annoying; «if you must» means I don't like it, but fine.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	ccomp	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	annoying	annoying	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
16	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	_
19	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
20	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
21	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	23	advmod	_	_
23	like	like	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	ccomp	_	_
24	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | must |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **stop** | infinitive |  | it |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality it=Eventuality |
| 3 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | annoying *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **mean** | must |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **not** **like** | present · do-support | I | it |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot it=Theme |

## Meaning 8 {#m8}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Shall», «is required to», «is obliged to» and «it is necessary that» are the stiff words: «Each candidate shall provide…».

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:m8:1
# text = «Shall», «is required to», «is obliged to» and «it is necessary that» are the stiff words: «Each candidate shall provide…».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	required	require	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	26	amod	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	obliged	oblige	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	expl	_	_
19	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	necessary	necessary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	conj	_	_
21	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	20	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	_
23	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	stiff	stiff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	32	punct	_	_
28	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	30	det	_	_
30	candidate	candidate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nsubj	_	_
31	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	32	aux	_	_
32	provide	provide	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	…	.	PUNCT	.	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	26	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **require** *in a quote* | shall · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn require-103-1 «NP V NP S\_INF» |
| 2 | **oblige** *in a quote* | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP» |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | that |  |  |  |  | necessary *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is a** | present |  | the required stiff words |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **provide** *in a quote* | shall | each candidate |  |  |  |  |  | vn ensure-99 «NP V that S»: agent=Precondition |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many more pages must she read?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x1:1
# text = How many more pages must she read?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	amod	_	_
4	pages	page	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | must | many more pages |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He must save 30 dollars more.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x2:1
# text = He must save 30 dollars more.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	save	save	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **save** | must | He | 30 dollars |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dollar=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each box must hold 6 eggs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x3:1
# text = Each box must hold 6 eggs.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	box	box	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	hold	hold	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	6	6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | must | each box | 6 eggs |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent egg=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many buses must they rent?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x4:1
# text = How many buses must they rent?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	buses	bus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	rent	rent	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rent** | must | many buses |  |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You must not swim without a grown-up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x5:1
# text = You must not swim without a grown-up.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	swim	swim	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	without	without	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	grown	grown	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	up	up	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **swim** | must | You |  |  |  |  | without a grown up | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Everyone must wear a helmet on a bike.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x6:1
# text = Everyone must wear a helmet on a bike.
1	Everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	3	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	wear	wear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	helmet	helmet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | must | Everyone | a helmet |  | a bike |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent helmet=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The grass is wet, so it must have rained.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x7:1
# text = The grass is wet, so it must have rained.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	aux	_	_
10	rained	rain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the grass |  |  |  |  | wet *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **rain** | must · perfect · passive |  | it |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You must be hungry after the long walk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x8:1
# text = You must be hungry after the long walk.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
4	hungry	hungry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	walk	walk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | must | You |  |  |  | after the long walk | hungry *property* | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
gotta get 30 more bucks before sat, how many weeks at 5 a week (casual)

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x9:1
# text = gotta get 30 more bucks before sat, how many weeks at 5 a week (casual)
1	gotta	gotta	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	get	get	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	bucks	buck	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	before	before	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	sat	sat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
10	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	weeks	week	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
12	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	obl	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod:unmarked	_	_
16	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	casual	casual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	17	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | imperative |  | 30 more bucks |  | 5  a week | before sat and many weeks |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source NP.asset»: agent=Agent buck=Theme at 5=Asset |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Must you bang that drum? Give it a rest. (rough)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Must you bang that drum?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x10:1
# text = Must you bang that drum?
1	Must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	bang	bang	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	drum	drum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bang** | must | you | that drum |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location drum=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Give it a rest.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x10:2
# text = Give it a rest.
1	Give	give	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	iobj	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | imperative | you *not said here* | a rest | drum |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent it=Recipient rest=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 3:* (rough)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x10:3
# text = (rough)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That film is a must-see.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x11:1
# text = That film is a must-see.
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | must · present | that film |  |  |  |  | see *property* | tree rules |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each vehicle is required to accommodate 40 passengers; determine the minimum number of vehicles necessitated for 130 persons. (formal exam)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Each vehicle is required to accommodate 40 passengers; determine the minimum number of vehicles necessitated for 130 persons.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x12:1
# text = Each vehicle is required to accommodate 40 passengers; determine the minimum number of vehicles necessitated for 130 persons.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	required	require	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	accommodate	accommodate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	passengers	passenger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
10	determine	determine	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	minimum	minimum	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	vehicles	vehicle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
16	necessitated	necessitate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
17	for	for	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	130	130	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
19	persons	person	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **require** | present · passive |  | each vehicle |  |  |  |  | vn order-58.3-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **accommodate** | to-infinitive |  | 40 passengers |  |  |  |  | vn adjust-26.9 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent passenger=Patient |
| 3 | **determine** | infinitive |  | the minimum number of vehicles |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Topic |
| 4 | **necessitate** | participle |  | vehicles *not said here* |  |  |  | for 130 persons | vn require-103-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (formal exam)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x12:2
# text = (formal exam)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	exam	exam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I must know more of them."

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:must:x13:1
# text = I must know more of them."
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | must | I | more of them |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer more=Stimulus |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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