---
title: naturalist — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «naturalist» in the school dictionary: A naturalist is a person who studies plants, animals and nature, often by watching them carefully in the wild. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# naturalist

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** naturalist, person, writer, Charles, park naturalist, She · **What happens:** be, study, watch, show, sail, find · **To what, where:** person, plants, wild, writer, life, naturalist · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«naturalist» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [naturalist in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/naturalist.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A naturalist is a person who studies plants, animals and nature, often by watching them carefully in the wild.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:naturalist:m1:1
# text = A naturalist is a person who studies plants, animals and nature, often by watching them carefully in the wild.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	naturalist	naturalist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	nature	nature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	often	often	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
15	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
16	watching	watch	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
17	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	wild	wild	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a naturalist | a person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **study** | present | a person | plants and animals and nature |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plant=Topic |
| 3 | **watch** | gerund | a person *not said here* | plants *= plant* |  | the wild |  | carefully, often *property* | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: rare, art and literature — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A naturalist is a writer or artist who shows life exactly as it is.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:naturalist:m2:1
# text = A naturalist is a writer or artist who shows life exactly as it is.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	naturalist	naturalist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	writer	writer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	artist	artist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	exactly	exactly	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
12	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a naturalist | a writer or artist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **show** | present | a writer or artist | life |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent life=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **be** | present | naturalist |  |  |  |  | exactly *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Charles Darwin was a naturalist who sailed around the world.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:naturalist:x1:1
# text = Charles Darwin was a naturalist who sailed around the world.
1	Charles	Charles	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	Darwin	Darwin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	naturalist	naturalist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	sailed	sail	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	around	around	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Charles | a naturalist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sail** | past | a naturalist |  |  | the world |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent around world=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The park naturalist showed us how to find frogs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:naturalist:x2:1
# text = The park naturalist showed us how to find frogs.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	naturalist	naturalist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	iobj	_	_
6	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
9	frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the park naturalist |  | us |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent we=Recipient |
| 2 | **find** | to-infinitive | the park naturalist *not said here* | frogs |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent frog=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She keeps a nature diary like a real naturalist.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:naturalist:x3:1
# text = She keeps a nature diary like a real naturalist.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	nature	nature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	diary	diary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	naturalist	naturalist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | She | a nature diary |  |  |  | like a real naturalist | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent diary=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
David Attenborough is a famous naturalist and broadcaster.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:naturalist:x4:1
# text = David Attenborough is a famous naturalist and broadcaster.
1	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	Attenborough	Attenborough	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	naturalist	naturalist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	broadcaster	broadcaster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | David | a famous naturalist and broadcaster |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The naturalist sketched every butterfly she saw.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:naturalist:x5:1
# text = The naturalist sketched every butterfly she saw.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	naturalist	naturalist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sketched	sketch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	butterfly	butterfly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sketch** | past | the naturalist | every butterfly |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent butterfly=Theme |
| 2 | **see** | past | naturalist | every butterfly *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer butterfly=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our class joined the Young Naturalists club.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:naturalist:x6:1
# text = Our class joined the Young Naturalists club.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	joined	join	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	Young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	Naturalists	Naturalist	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	7	compound	_	_
7	club	club	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **join** | past | Our class | the Young Naturalists club |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent club=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A naturalist needs patience and sharp eyes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:naturalist:x7:1
# text = A naturalist needs patience and sharp eyes.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	naturalist	naturalist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	patience	patience	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | a naturalist | patience and sharp eyes |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot patience=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"There sits a good specimen of a toad," said the naturalist.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:naturalist:x8:1
# text = "There sits a good specimen of a toad," said the naturalist.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	3	expl	_	_
3	sits	sit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	specimen	specimen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	toad	toad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
12	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	naturalist	naturalist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** *in a quote* | present |  | a good specimen of a toad |  | there |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location specimen=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the naturalist |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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