---
title: newcomer — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «newcomer» in the school dictionary: A person who has just arrived in a place, joined a group, or started something for the first time. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# newcomer

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** person, you, 's, She, newcomers, team · **What happens:** arrive, join, start, let, welcome, be · **To what, where:** place, group, something, 's, newcomer, anyone

<!-- .vabout -->
«newcomer» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [newcomer in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/newcomer.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person who has just arrived in a place, joined a group, or started something for the first time.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newcomer:m1:1
# text = A person who has just arrived in a place, joined a group, or started something for the first time.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	just	just	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	acl:relcl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
11	joined	join	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	started	start	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
17	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	16	obj	_	_
18	for	for	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	21	amod	_	_
21	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arrive** | present · perfect | a person |  |  | a place |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **join** | past | a person | a group |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent group=Patient |
| 3 | **start** | past | a person *not said here* | something |  |  | time |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Let's welcome the newcomer to our class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newcomer:x1:1
# text = Let's welcome the newcomer to our class.
1	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	welcome	welcome	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	newcomer	newcomer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | 's |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **welcome** | infinitive | 's *not said here* | the newcomer |  |  |  | to our class | vn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent newcomer=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She was a newcomer to the town and did not know anyone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newcomer:x2:1
# text = She was a newcomer to the town and did not know anyone.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	newcomer	newcomer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
11	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
12	anyone	anyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | She | a newcomer |  |  |  | to the town | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **know** | past · do-support | She *not said here* | anyone |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer anyone=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The newcomers learned English quickly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newcomer:x3:1
# text = The newcomers learned English quickly.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	newcomers	newcomer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | the newcomers | English |  |  |  | quickly *property* | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent english=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our team has two newcomers this year.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newcomer:x4:1
# text = Our team has two newcomers this year.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	newcomers	newcomer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	7	det	_	_
7	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Our team | two newcomers |  |  | year |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent newcomer=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Show the newcomer where the toilets are.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newcomer:x5:1
# text = Show the newcomer where the toilets are.
1	Show	show	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	newcomer	newcomer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	3	nmod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	toilets	toilet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | imperative | you *not said here* | the newcomer |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent newcomer=Recipient |
| 2 | **is** | present | the toilets |  |  |  |  | where *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As a newcomer to chess, he lost a lot at first.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newcomer:x6:1
# text = As a newcomer to chess, he lost a lot at first.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	newcomer	newcomer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	chess	chess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | past | he | a lot |  |  |  | as a newcomer to chess | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Eventuality |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The newcomer was a bright, cheerful, good-looking young man, who soon plunged into conversation and asked many questions.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newcomer:x7:1
# text = The newcomer was a bright, cheerful, good-looking young man, who soon plunged into conversation and asked many questions.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	newcomer	newcomer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
5	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	cheerful	cheerful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	looking	look	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	amod	_	_
12	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj	_	_
16	soon	soon	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	17	advmod	_	_
17	plunged	plunge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl:relcl	_	_
18	into	into	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	conversation	conversation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	conj	_	_
22	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	questions	question	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is a** | past | the newcomer | a looking young man |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **plunge** | participle | a looking young man |  |  | conversation |  | soon *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into conversation=Initial\_Location |
| 4 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | a looking young man *not said here* | many questions |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent question=Recipient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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