---
title: newton — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «newton» in the school dictionary: In science, a newton is the unit used to measure force; its symbol is N. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# newton

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** newton, unit, symbol, Isaac, famous English scientist, forcemeter · **What happens:** be, use, measure, explain, show, weigh · **To what, where:** unit, science, force, N, famous English scientist, gravity · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«newton» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [newton in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/newton.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In science, a newton is the unit used to measure force; its symbol is N.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newton:m1:1
# text = In science, a newton is the unit used to measure force; its symbol is N.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	newton	newton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	unit	unit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	measure	measure	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
14	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	symbol	symbol	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
17	N	N	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a newton | the unit and N |  | science |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | past | the unit and N *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **measure** | to-infinitive | the unit and N *not said here* | force |  |  |  |  | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme force=Value |
| 4 | **is a** | present | newton's symbol | N |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Isaac Newton was a famous English scientist who explained gravity and the laws of motion.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newton:m2:1
# text = Isaac Newton was a famous English scientist who explained gravity and the laws of motion.
1	Isaac	Isaac	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	Newton	Newton	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	explained	explain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	gravity	gravity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	motion	motion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Isaac | a famous English scientist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **explain** *speech: assert* | past | a famous English scientist | gravity and the laws of motion |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gravity=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Force is measured in newtons.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newton:x1:1
# text = Force is measured in newtons.
1	Force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	measured	measure	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	newtons	newton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **measure** | present · passive |  | Force |  | newtons |  |  | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: subject=Value |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The forcemeter showed 5 newtons.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newton:x2:1
# text = The forcemeter showed 5 newtons.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	forcemeter	forcemeter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	newtons	newton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the forcemeter | 5 newtons |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent newton=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A small apple weighs about 1 newton.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newton:x3:1
# text = A small apple weighs about 1 newton.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	apple	apple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	weighs	weigh	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	about	about	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	1	1	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	newton	newton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **weigh** | present | a small apple | 1 newton |  |  |  |  | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme newton=Value |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
On Earth, a 3 kg bag has a weight of about 30 N.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newton:x4:1
# text = On Earth, a 3 kg bag has a weight of about 30 N.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	kg	kg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	bag	bag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	weight	weight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	about	about	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	N	N	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a kg bag | a weight of 30 N |  | Earth |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent weight=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Isaac Newton explained why things fall to the ground.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newton:x5:1
# text = Isaac Newton explained why things fall to the ground.
1	Isaac	Isaac	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Newton	Newton	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	explained	explain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	fall	fall	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **explain** *speech: assert* | past | Isaac |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **fall** | present | things |  |  |  |  | to the ground | vn acquiesce-95.1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to ground=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The pull of 20 N and the push of 20 N are balanced.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newton:x6:1
# text = The pull of 20 N and the push of 20 N are balanced.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pull	pull	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	N	N	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	push	push	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nmod	_	_
11	N	N	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod:unmarked	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	balanced	balance	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **balance** | present · passive |  | the pull of 20 N and the push of 20  N |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **pull** |  |  | 20 N and the push of 20  N |  |  |  |  | nom pull «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We learned Newton's laws of motion in science.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:newton:x7:1
# text = We learned Newton's laws of motion in science.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Newton	Newton	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	motion	motion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | We | Newton's laws of motion in science |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent law=Topic |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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