---
title: nightingale — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «nightingale» in the school dictionary: A nightingale is a small brown bird famous for its beautiful, loud, varied song, which it often sings at night as well as in the day. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# nightingale

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** nightingale, Florence, Victorian times, English nurse, Nightingales, soldiers · **What happens:** be, sing, make, help, start, call · **To what, where:** small brown bird, beautiful loud varied song, English nurse, hospitals, modern nursing, Florence · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«nightingale» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [nightingale in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/nightingale.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A nightingale is a small brown bird famous for its beautiful, loud, varied song, which it often sings at night as well as in the day.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightingale:m1:1
# text = A nightingale is a small brown bird famous for its beautiful, loud, varied song, which it often sings at night as well as in the day.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	nightingale	nightingale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
10	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
11	beautiful	beautiful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
13	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
15	varied	varied	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	21	obj	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
20	often	often	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	sings	sing	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
22	at	at	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
24	as	as	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	29	cc	_	_
25	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	24	fixed	_	_
26	as	as	ADP	IN	_	24	fixed	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a nightingale | a small brown bird |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sing** *speech: express* | present | nightingale | nightingale's beautiful loud varied song |  |  | day; night | often *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location which=Theme |
| 3 | **sing** |  | nightingale |  |  |  |  |  | nom song «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Florence Nightingale was an English nurse in Victorian times who made hospitals cleaner and helped start modern nursing; she was called «the Lady with the Lamp».

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightingale:m2:1
# text = Florence Nightingale was an English nurse in Victorian times who made hospitals cleaner and helped start modern nursing; she was called «the Lady with the Lamp».
1	Florence	Florence	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	Nightingale	Nightingale	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	nurse	nurse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	Victorian	victorian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
10	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	hospitals	hospital	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
13	cleaner	clean	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	11	xcomp	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
16	start	start	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	_
17	modern	modern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	nursing	nursing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
20	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
23	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	Lady	Lady	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	xcomp	_	_
26	with	with	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	Lamp	lamp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Florence | a English nurse |  |  | time |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | past | Victorian times | hospitals |  |  |  | clean *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hospital=Product |
| 3 | **help** | past | Victorian times *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 4 | **start** | infinitive | Victorian times *not said here* | modern nursing |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nursing=Eventuality |
| 5 | **call** | past · passive | a English nurse *not said here* | Florence |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A nightingale sang in the bushes all night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightingale:x1:1
# text = A nightingale sang in the bushes all night.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	nightingale	nightingale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sang	sing	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bushes	bush	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | past | a nightingale |  |  | the bushes | night |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in bush=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nightingales are plain brown but sing beautifully.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightingale:x2:1
# text = Nightingales are plain brown but sing beautifully.
1	Nightingales	nightingale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	sing	sing	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
7	beautifully	beautifully	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Nightingales |  |  |  |  | brown *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **sing** *speech: express* | present | Nightingales *not said here* |  |  |  |  | beautifully *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Florence Nightingale carried a lamp on her night rounds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightingale:x3:1
# text = Florence Nightingale carried a lamp on her night rounds.
1	Florence	Florence	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Nightingale	Nightingale	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lamp	lamp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	rounds	round	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | past | Florence | a lamp |  | Florence's night rounds |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lamp=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Florence Nightingale used diagrams to show why soldiers were dying.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightingale:x4:1
# text = Florence Nightingale used diagrams to show why soldiers were dying.
1	Florence	Florence	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Nightingale	Nightingale	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	diagrams	diagram	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
8	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
9	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	dying	die	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | Florence | diagrams |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent diagram=Patient |
| 2 | **show** | to-infinitive | Florence *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **die** | past · progressive | soldiers |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The poet wrote an ode to a nightingale.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightingale:x5:1
# text = The poet wrote an ode to a nightingale.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	poet	poet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	ode	ode	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	nightingale	nightingale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | the poet | a ode | a nightingale |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent ode=Topic to nightingale=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nightingales fly to Africa for the winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightingale:x6:1
# text = Nightingales fly to Africa for the winter.
1	Nightingales	nightingale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fly	fly	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | present | Nightingales |  | Africa |  | winter |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to africa=Result |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her singing voice is like a nightingale's.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightingale:x7:1
# text = Her singing voice is like a nightingale's.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	singing	singing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	nightingale	nightingale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Her singing voice |  |  |  |  | like a nightingale | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then the Nightingale began to sing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightingale:x8:1
# text = Then the Nightingale began to sing.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Nightingale	Nightingale	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	sing	sing	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | the Nightingale |  |  |  | then |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **sing** *speech: express* | to-infinitive | the Nightingale *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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