---
title: nightshade — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «nightshade» in the school dictionary: A family of plants that includes some very poisonous ones, such as deadly nightshade, which has shiny black berries. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# nightshade

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** plants, deadly nightshade, nightshade family, shiny black berries, you, Potatoes · **What happens:** include, have, be, not eat, find, belong · **To what, where:** poisonous ones, shiny black berries, foods, berries, wild, potion · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«nightshade» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [nightshade in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/nightshade.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A family of plants that includes some very poisonous ones, such as deadly nightshade, which has shiny black berries.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightshade:m1:1
# text = A family of plants that includes some very poisonous ones, such as deadly nightshade, which has shiny black berries.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	includes	include	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
8	very	very	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	15	case	_	_
13	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	fixed	_	_
14	deadly	deadly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	nightshade	nightshade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj	_	_
18	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	acl:relcl	_	_
19	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
20	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	berries	berry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | present | plants | some poisonous ones |  |  |  | such deadly nightshade | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Theme |
| 2 | **have** | present | deadly nightshade | shiny black berries |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent berry=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The nightshade family also includes foods like potatoes, tomatoes, peppers and aubergines.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightshade:m2:1
# text = The nightshade family also includes foods like potatoes, tomatoes, peppers and aubergines.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	nightshade	nightshade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	includes	include	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	foods	food	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	potatoes	potato	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	tomatoes	tomato	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	peppers	pepper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	aubergines	aubergine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | present | the nightshade family | foods |  |  |  | like potatoes and tomatoes and peppers and aubergines | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Deadly nightshade has shiny black berries that are very poisonous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightshade:x1:1
# text = Deadly nightshade has shiny black berries that are very poisonous.
1	Deadly	deadly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	nightshade	nightshade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	berries	berry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	very	very	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Deadly nightshade | shiny black berries |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent berry=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | shiny black berries |  |  |  |  | poisonous *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never eat berries you find in the wild.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightshade:x2:1
# text = Never eat berries you find in the wild.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	eat	eat	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	berries	berry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	find	find	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	wild	wild	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **eat** | imperative | you *not said here* | berries |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent berry=Patient |
| 2 | **find** | present | you | berries *not said here* |  | the wild |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent berry=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Potatoes and tomatoes belong to the nightshade family.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightshade:x3:1
# text = Potatoes and tomatoes belong to the nightshade family.
1	Potatoes	potato	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	tomatoes	tomato	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	belong	belong	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	nightshade	nightshade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **belong** | present | Potatoes and tomatoes |  |  |  |  | to the nightshade family | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the story, the witch brewed a potion with nightshade.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightshade:x4:1
# text = In the story, the witch brewed a potion with nightshade.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	witch	witch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	brewed	brew	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	potion	potion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	nightshade	nightshade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **brew** | past | the witch | a potion |  | the story |  | with nightshade | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent potion=Product with nightshade=Material |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Woody nightshade has purple flowers and red berries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightshade:x5:1
# text = Woody nightshade has purple flowers and red berries.
1	Woody	woody	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	nightshade	nightshade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	purple	purple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	berries	berry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Woody nightshade | purple flowers and red berries |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent flower=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If someone eats a wild berry, tell an adult and get help at once.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:nightshade:x6:1
# text = If someone eats a wild berry, tell an adult and get help at once.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	nsubj	_	_
3	eats	eat	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	berry	berry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
8	tell	tell	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	adult	adult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	get	get	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
13	help	help	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
14	at	at	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | someone | a wild berry |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent berry=Patient |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | imperative | you *not said here* |  | a adult |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent adult=Recipient |
| 3 | **get** | infinitive | you *not said here* | help |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source NP.asset»: agent=Agent help=Theme at once=Asset |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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