---
title: northward — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «northward» in the school dictionary: Towards the north: the geese flew northward. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# northward

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** geese, We, river, storm, snow, you · **What happens:** fly, go, face, drive, flow, move · **To what, where:** north, northward journey, coast, northward road, lighthouse, way

<!-- .vabout -->
«northward» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [northward in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/northward.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: adverb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Towards the north: the geese flew northward.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:northward:m1:1
# text = Towards the north: the geese flew northward.
1	Towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	north	north	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	geese	goose	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	northward	northward	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | past | the geese |  |  | the north |  | northward *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme towards north=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Going or facing towards the north: a northward journey.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:northward:m2:1
# text = Going or facing towards the north: a northward journey.
1	Going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	facing	face	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
4	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	north	north	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	northward	northward	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	journey	journey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | gerund |  | a northward journey |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **face** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | towards the north | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The geese fly northward in spring.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:northward:x1:1
# text = The geese fly northward in spring.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	geese	goose	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fly	fly	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	northward	northward	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	spring	spring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | present | the geese |  |  |  | spring | northward *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We drove northward along the coast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:northward:x2:1
# text = We drove northward along the coast.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drove	drive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	northward	northward	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	along	along	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	coast	coast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive** | past | We |  |  | the coast |  | northward *property* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent along coast=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The river flows northward to the sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:northward:x3:1
# text = The river flows northward to the sea.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	flows	flow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	northward	northward	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flow** | present | the river |  |  |  |  | to the sea; northward *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The storm is moving northward.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:northward:x4:1
# text = The storm is moving northward.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	moving	move	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	northward	northward	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | present · progressive | the storm |  |  |  |  | northward *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The northward road was blocked by snow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:northward:x5:1
# text = The northward road was blocked by snow.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	northward	northward	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	blocked	block	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **block** | past · passive | snow | the northward road |  |  |  |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer subject=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Walk northward until you see the lighthouse.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:northward:x6:1
# text = Walk northward until you see the lighthouse.
1	Walk	walk	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	northward	northward	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	see	see	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	lighthouse	lighthouse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | northward *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **see** | present | you | the lighthouse |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer lighthouse=Stimulus |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The explorers made their way northwards across the ice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:northward:x7:1
# text = The explorers made their way northwards across the ice.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	explorers	explorer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	northwards	northwards	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
7	across	across	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the explorers | explorers's way |  | the ice |  | northwards *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset way=Product |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Early in the spring, when the storks were again about to journey northward, beautiful Helga took off her golden bracelets, scratched her name on them, and beckoned to the stork-father.

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:northward:x8:1
# text = Early in the spring, when the storks were again about to journey northward, beautiful Helga took off her golden bracelets, scratched her name on them, and beckoned to the stork-father.
1	Early	early	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	18	advmod	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	spring	spring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	storks	stork	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
9	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
10	again	again	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	about	about	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	journey	journey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
14	northward	northward	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
16	beautiful	beautiful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	Helga	Helga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
18	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
19	off	off	ADP	RP	_	18	compound:prt	_	_
20	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
21	golden	golden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	bracelets	bracelet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	scratched	scratch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	conj	_	_
25	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
27	on	on	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
31	beckoned	beckon	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	conj	_	_
32	to	to	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
34	stork	stork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the storks | journey |  |  |  | beautiful Helga *nmod*; about *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **take off** | past |  | Helga's golden bracelets |  |  | spring | early *property* | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bracelet=Theme |
| 3 | **scratch** | past |  | Helga's name |  |  |  | on storks *= stork* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent name=Theme on they=Destination |
| 4 | **beckon** | participle |  |  | the stork father |  |  |  | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to father=Recipient |
| 5 | **name** |  | Helga |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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