---
title: notwithstanding — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «notwithstanding» in the school dictionary: In spite of; even though something is true (notwithstanding the rain = in spite of the rain). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# notwithstanding

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** something, match, trip, success, he, his · **What happens:** be, notwithstand, spite, go, finish, injure · **To what, where:** spite, rain, success, few problems, injury, race

<!-- .vabout -->
«notwithstanding» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [notwithstanding in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/notwithstanding.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In spite of; even though something is true (notwithstanding the rain = in spite of the rain).

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:notwithstanding:m1:1
# text = In spite of; even though something is true (notwithstanding the rain = in spite of the rain).
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	spite	spite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
5	even	even	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
6	though	though	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	acl	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	advcl	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	=	=	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	spite	spite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | something | spite *not said here* |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **notwithstand** | gerund | something *not said here* | the rain |  | spite of the rain |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **spite** |  |  | the rain |  |  |  |  | nom spite «feeling transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: adverb, formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
However; all the same.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:notwithstanding:m2:1
# text = However; all the same.
1	However	however	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	5	det:predet	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Notwithstanding the rain, the match went ahead (formal).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:notwithstanding:x1:1
# text = Notwithstanding the rain, the match went ahead (formal).
1	Notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	match	match	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	ahead	ahead	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **notwithstand** | gerund | the match *not said here* | the rain |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **go** | past | the match |  |  |  |  | ahead, formal *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The trip was a success, notwithstanding a few problems.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:notwithstanding:x2:1
# text = The trip was a success, notwithstanding a few problems.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	success	success	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	problems	problem	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the trip | a success |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **notwithstand** | gerund | a success *not said here* | a few problems |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Notwithstanding his injury, he finished the race.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:notwithstanding:x3:1
# text = Notwithstanding his injury, he finished the race.
1	Notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
2	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	injury	injury	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	finished	finish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **notwithstand** | gerund | he *not said here* | his injury |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **finish** | past | he | the race |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector race=Eventuality |
| 3 | **injure** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom injury «state transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rule applies to everyone, notwithstanding age.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:notwithstanding:x4:1
# text = The rule applies to everyone, notwithstanding age.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	applies	apply	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **apply** | present | the rule |  |  |  |  | to everyone | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **notwithstand** | gerund | the rule *not said here* | age |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was expensive; it was, notwithstanding, worth it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:notwithstanding:x5:1
# text = It was expensive; it was, notwithstanding, worth it.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	expensive	expensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	worth	worth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | It |  |  |  |  | expensive *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **notwithstand** | past · progressive | it |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Notwithstanding the fact that she was tired, she helped us.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:notwithstanding:x6:1
# text = Notwithstanding the fact that she was tired, she helped us.
1	Notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	fact	fact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	tired	tired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
9	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **notwithstand** | gerund | she *not said here* | the fact |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | past | she | the fact *not said here* |  |  |  | tired *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **help** | past | she |  | us |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In vain they drove them away with a myrtle branch, the flies stung them notwithstanding.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:notwithstanding:x7:1
# text = In vain they drove them away with a myrtle branch, the flies stung them notwithstanding.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	vain	vain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	advcl	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	drove	drive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	away	away	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	myrtle	myrtle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	branch	branch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	flies	fly	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	stung	sting	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	obj	_	_
16	notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive** | past | they | them *= they* |  |  |  | away *property* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme they=Trajectory |
| 2 | **sting** | past | the flies | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus they=Experiencer |
| 3 | **notwithstand** | gerund | the flies *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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