---
title: noxious — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «noxious» in the school dictionary: Harmful or poisonous, especially gases, fumes and chemicals. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# noxious

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Harmful weeds, factory, you, bleach, noxious smell, Car exhaust · **What happens:** be, let out, not mix, make, come, list · **To what, where:** pest, noxious fumes, bleach, noxious gases, drain, plants

<!-- .vabout -->
«noxious» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [noxious in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/noxious.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Harmful or poisonous, especially gases, fumes and chemicals.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:noxious:m1:1
# text = Harmful or poisonous, especially gases, fumes and chemicals.
1	Harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	gases	gas	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	chemicals	chemical	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Very unpleasant, as in "a noxious smell".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:noxious:m2:1
# text = Very unpleasant, as in "a noxious smell".
1	Very	very	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	unpleasant	unpleasant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	noxious	noxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: of plants — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Harmful weeds that are a pest to farms, as in "noxious weeds" (Australia, US, Canada).

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:noxious:m3:1
# text = Harmful weeds that are a pest to farms, as in "noxious weeds" (Australia, US, Canada).
1	Harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	weeds	weed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	pest	pest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	acl:relcl	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	farms	farm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	noxious	noxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	weeds	weed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	_
16	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Harmful weeds | a pest |  |  |  | to farms and noxious weeds | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The factory let out noxious fumes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:noxious:x1:1
# text = The factory let out noxious fumes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	factory	factory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	noxious	noxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let out** | infinitive | the factory | noxious fumes |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fume=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never mix bleach with other cleaners; it makes noxious gases.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:noxious:x2:1
# text = Never mix bleach with other cleaners; it makes noxious gases.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	mix	mix	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	bleach	bleach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cleaners	cleaner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
10	noxious	noxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	gases	gas	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **mix** | imperative | you *not said here* | bleach |  |  |  | with other cleaners | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent bleach=Patient with cleaner=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **make** | present | bleach | noxious gases |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material gas=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A noxious smell came from the drain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:noxious:x3:1
# text = A noxious smell came from the drain.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	noxious	noxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	drain	drain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | a noxious smell |  |  | the drain |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from drain=Initial\_Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some plants are listed as noxious weeds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:noxious:x4:1
# text = Some plants are listed as noxious weeds.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	listed	list	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	noxious	noxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	weeds	weed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **list** | present · passive |  | some plants |  |  |  | as noxious weeds | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Car exhaust contains noxious gases.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:noxious:x5:1
# text = Car exhaust contains noxious gases.
1	Car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	exhaust	exhaust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	contains	contain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	noxious	noxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	gases	gas	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | present | Car exhaust | noxious gases |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot gas=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The witch stirred a noxious green potion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:noxious:x6:1
# text = The witch stirred a noxious green potion.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	witch	witch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stirred	stir	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	noxious	noxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	potion	potion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stir** | past | the witch | a noxious green potion |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus potion=Experiencer |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The firefighters wore masks against the noxious smoke.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:noxious:x7:1
# text = The firefighters wore masks against the noxious smoke.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	firefighters	firefighter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	masks	mask	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	against	against	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	noxious	noxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the firefighters | masks |  |  |  | against the noxious smoke | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent mask=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By the influence of his warm and gentle rays he disperses the noxious vapours of the night, assists the grain to ripen and the flowers to bloom.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:noxious:x8:1
# text = By the influence of his warm and gentle rays he disperses the noxious vapours of the night, assists the grain to ripen and the flowers to bloom.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	influence	influence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
6	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	gentle	gentle	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
9	rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	disperses	disperse	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	noxious	noxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	vapours	vapour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	assists	assist	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	grain	grain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
23	ripen	ripen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	advcl	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obj	_	_
27	to	to	PART	TO	_	28	mark	_	_
28	bloom	bloom	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **disperse** | present | he | the noxious vapours of the night |  |  |  | by the influence of his warm rays | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent vapour=Patient |
| 2 | **assist** | present | he *not said here* | the grain |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grain=Beneficiary |
| 3 | **ripen** | to-infinitive | he *not said here* | the flowers |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent flower=Patient |
| 4 | **bloom** | to-infinitive | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_modes\_being-47.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **ray** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom ray «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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