---
title: offender — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «offender» in the school dictionary: A person who has broken the law or done a crime. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# offender

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** person, thing, police, He, judge, worst offender · **What happens:** break, do, cause, be, catch, give · **To what, where:** law, crime, problem, something, dog, offender

<!-- .vabout -->
«offender» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [offender in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/offender.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person who has broken the law or done a crime.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offender:m1:1
# text = A person who has broken the law or done a crime.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	acl:relcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | present · perfect | a person | the law |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer law=Patient |
| 2 | **do** | participle | a person *not said here* | a crime |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crime=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person or thing that causes a problem or does something wrong: «The worst offender for noise was the dog.».

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offender:m2:1
# text = A person or thing that causes a problem or does something wrong: «The worst offender for noise was the dog.».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	causes	cause	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	problem	problem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
11	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	obj	_	_
12	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	worst	bad	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	17	amod	_	_
17	offender	offender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
18	for	for	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	noise	noise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
20	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	cop	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present | thing | a problem |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition problem=Patient |
| 2 | **do** | present | thing *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 3 | **is a** *in a quote* | past | a person or thing and the worst offender for noise | the dog |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The police caught the offender near the station.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offender:x1:1
# text = The police caught the offender near the station.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	police	police	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	caught	catch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	offender	offender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	near	near	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	station	station	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | past | the police | the offender |  | the station |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent offender=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Young offenders may be given community work instead of prison.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offender:x2:1
# text = Young offenders may be given community work instead of prison.
1	Young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	offenders	offender	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	prison	prison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | may · passive |  | Young offenders |  |  |  | instead prison | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient work=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was a first-time offender, so the judge gave him a warning.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offender:x3:1
# text = He was a first-time offender, so the judge gave him a warning.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	offender	offender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
13	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	iobj	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	warning	warning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | He | a time offender |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **give** | past | the judge | a warning | him *= he* |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient warning=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In our house, the worst offender for leaving lights on is my brother.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offender:x4:1
# text = In our house, the worst offender for leaving lights on is my brother.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	worst	bad	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	7	amod	_	_
7	offender	offender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	acl	_	_
10	lights	light	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
13	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | gerund | the worst offender *not said here* | lights |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent light=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | on my brother | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Repeat offenders are people who keep breaking the law.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offender:x5:1
# text = Repeat offenders are people who keep breaking the law.
1	Repeat	repeat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	offenders	offender	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	keep	keep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	xcomp	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Repeat offenders | people |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep** | present | people |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **break** | gerund | people *not said here* | the law |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer law=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fizzy drinks are the main offender for bad teeth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offender:x6:1
# text = Fizzy drinks are the main offender for bad teeth.
1	Fizzy	fizzy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	drinks	drink	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	main	main	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	offender	offender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Fizzy drinks | the main offender |  |  |  | for bad teeth | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The incensed deities now combined to punish the offender.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offender:x7:1
# text = The incensed deities now combined to punish the offender.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	incensed	incense	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	deities	deity	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
5	combined	combine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	punish	punish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	offender	offender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **incense** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **combine** | participle · passive |  | the incensed deities |  |  | now |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **punish** | to-infinitive |  | the offender |  |  |  |  | vn prosecute-33.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent offender=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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