---
title: offensive — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «offensive» in the school dictionary: Rude or insulting, likely to upset people. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# offensive

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** big attack, Using, offensive smell, joke, offensive play, team · **What happens:** upset, do, attack, score, not defend, launch · **To what, where:** people, offensive team, offensive, offensive words, class, bin

<!-- .vabout -->
«offensive» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [offensive in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/offensive.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rude or insulting, likely to upset people.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offensive:m1:1
# text = Rude or insulting, likely to upset people.
1	Rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	insulting	insulting	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	likely	likely	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	upset	upset	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **upset** | to-infinitive |  | people |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus people=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Very unpleasant to the senses: an offensive smell.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offensive:m2:1
# text = Very unpleasant to the senses: an offensive smell.
1	Very	very	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	unpleasant	unpleasant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	senses	sens	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	offensive	offensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: sport, US — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To do with attacking and scoring, not defending: the offensive team.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offensive:m3:1
# text = To do with attacking and scoring, not defending: the offensive team.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	attacking	attack	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	scoring	score	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	defending	defend	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	offensive	offensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **attack** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **score** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **not** **defend** | gerund |  | the offensive team |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A big attack in a war: launch an offensive.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offensive:m4:1
# text = A big attack in a war: launch an offensive.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	attack	attack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
8	launch	launch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	offensive	offensive	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **launch** | infinitive | a big attack in a war | a offensive |  |  |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent offensive=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Using offensive words in class is not allowed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offensive:x1:1
# text = Using offensive words in class is not allowed.
1	Using	use	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj:pass	_	_
2	offensive	offensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	allowed	allow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | gerund |  | offensive words |  | class |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient |
| 2 | **not** **allow** | present · passive | Using |  |  |  |  |  | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V S\_ING» |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was an offensive smell coming from the bin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offensive:x2:1
# text = There was an offensive smell coming from the bin.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	offensive	offensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
6	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bin	bin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a offensive smell |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **come** | gerund | a offensive smell *not said here* |  |  | the bin |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from bin=Initial\_Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That joke is offensive to many people.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offensive:x3:1
# text = That joke is offensive to many people.
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	joke	joke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	offensive	offensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | that joke |  |  |  |  | to many people; offensive *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our team's offensive play was brilliant.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offensive:x4:1
# text = Our team's offensive play was brilliant.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	offensive	offensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	play	play	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	brilliant	brilliant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Our team's offensive play |  |  |  |  | brilliant *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **play** |  | Our team |  |  |  |  |  | nom play «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The army began a spring offensive.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offensive:x5:1
# text = The army began a spring offensive.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	spring	spring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	offensive	offensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | the army |  |  |  | spring | offensive *property* | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When she was blamed, she went on the offensive.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offensive:x6:1
# text = When she was blamed, she went on the offensive.
1	When	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	4	mark	_	_
2	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	blamed	blame	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	offensive	offensive	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blame** | past · passive |  | she |  |  |  |  | vn judgment-33.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **go** | past | she |  |  | the offensive |  |  | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on offensive=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And indeed Tink was darting about again, using offensive language.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:offensive:x7:1
# text = And indeed Tink was darting about again, using offensive language.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	indeed	indeed	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
3	Tink	Tink	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	darting	dart	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	about	about	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	again	again	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
10	offensive	offensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dart about** | past · progressive | Tink |  |  |  | again | indeed *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **use** | gerund | Tink *not said here* | offensive language |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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