---
title: old — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «old» in the school dictionary: Old tells how long someone or something has lived or been: «Tom is 7 years old». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# old

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** someone, Tom, Old, old man, slang, Polite words · **What happens:** tell, live, be, mean, have, use · **To what, where:** old school, friendly way, slang, rude names, older people, bit · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«old» in the school dictionary: its 8 meanings for a pupil and its 13 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [old in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/old.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old tells how long someone or something has lived or been: «Tom is 7 years old».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:m1:1
# text = Old tells how long someone or something has lived or been: «Tom is 7 years old».
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
4	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	_
5	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	nsubj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	conj	_	_
8	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	lived	live	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	ccomp	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
16	7	7	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	17	nummod	_	_
17	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl:unmarked	_	_
18	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **live** | present · perfect | someone |  |  |  |  | long *property* | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | Tom |  |  |  | year | old *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old means having lived a long time: «an old man».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:m2:1
# text = Old means having lived a long time: «an old man».
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	nsubj	_	_
4	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Old |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **live** | past |  |  |  |  | time |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old means not new, used for a long time: «old shoes».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:m3:1
# text = Old means not new, used for a long time: «old shoes».
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Old |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **use** | participle | Old *not said here* |  |  |  | time |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old can mean from before: «my old school».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:m4:1
# text = Old can mean from before: «my old school».
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	before	before	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | Old | my old school |  |  |  | before *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent school=Topic |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: casual — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Old» is said in a friendly way: «old mate», «good old Dad», «any old thing» (anything at all).

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:m5:1
# text = «Old» is said in a friendly way: «old mate», «good old Dad», «any old thing» (anything at all).
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	mate	mate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
18	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	25	det	_	_
24	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	_
27	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	anything	anything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	25	appos	_	_
29	at	at	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  |  |  | a friendly way |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: clause=Topic |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: casual, rude — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«My old man» and «my old lady» are slang for dad and mum (or husband and wife); «old fart», «old bag» are rude names for old people.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:m6:1
# text = «My old man» and «my old lady» are slang for dad and mum (or husband and wife); «old fart», «old bag» are rude names for old people.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
3	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	lady	lady	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	slang	slang	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nsubj	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
18	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	husband	husband	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	wife	wife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
25	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	fart	fart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
30	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	bag	bag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	32	punct	_	_
34	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	36	cop	_	_
35	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
37	for	for	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
38	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
39	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	36	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My old man and my old lady | slang |  |  |  | for dad and mum | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | slang | rude names |  |  |  | for old people | tree rules |

## Meaning 7 {#m7}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: euphemism — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Polite words for old people are «older people», «seniors», «elderly», «senior citizens», «getting on a bit».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:m7:1
# text = Polite words for old people are «older people», «seniors», «elderly», «senior citizens», «getting on a bit».
1	Polite	polite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	amod	_	_
9	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	seniors	senior	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	elderly	elderly	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
20	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	senior	senior	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	citizens	citizen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	getting	get	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	parataxis	_	_
27	on	on	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | Polite words for old people | older people and seniors |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** *in a quote* | gerund |  |  |  | a bit |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent on bit=Source |

## Meaning 8 {#m8}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Exams say «aged», «of age», «the age of», «antique», «former» and «previously».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:m8:1
# text = Exams say «aged», «of age», «the age of», «antique», «former» and «previously».
1	Exams	exam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	aged	aged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	antique	antique	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	23	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
26	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	previously	previously	ADV	RB	_	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Exams | the age of antique |  |  | of age |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tom is 7 years old. How old is Anna?

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Tom is 7 years old.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x1:1
# text = Tom is 7 years old.
1	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	7	7	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Tom |  |  |  | year | old *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* How old is Anna?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x1:2
# text = How old is Anna?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	Anna	Anna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | old Anna |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lily is 9 years old and her sister is 4.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x2:1
# text = Lily is 9 years old and her sister is 4.
1	Lily	Lily	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	9	9	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	sister	sister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Lily |  |  |  | year | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Lily's sister | 4 |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How old will Ben be in 3 years?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x3:1
# text = How old will Ben be in 3 years?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	Ben	Ben	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	cop	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | infinitive | old Ben |  |  |  | in 3 years |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My grandad is very old, but he still cycles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x4:1
# text = My grandad is very old, but he still cycles.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	grandad	grandad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	still	still	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	cycles	cycle	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | My grandad |  |  |  |  | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **cycle** | present | he |  |  |  | still |  | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
These shoes are old and have holes in them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x5:1
# text = These shoes are old and have holes in them.
1	These	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
7	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | this shoes |  |  |  |  | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | this shoes *not said here* | holes |  |  |  | in shoes *= shoe* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hole=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I met my old teacher in the shop.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x6:1
# text = I met my old teacher in the shop.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	met	meet	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **meet** | past | I | my old teacher |  | the shop |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent teacher=Co-Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The castle is about 800 years old.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x7:1
# text = The castle is about 800 years old.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	about	about	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	800	800	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the castle |  |  |  | year | old *property* | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
how old's ur nan, like 80?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x8:1
# text = how old's ur nan, like 80?
1	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	ur	your	PRON	PRP$	Abbr=Yes|Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	nan	nan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	80	80	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My old man says I'm getting 2 dollars a week.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x9:1
# text = My old man says I'm getting 2 dollars a week.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	getting	get	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	ccomp	_	_
8	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | My old man |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **get** | present · progressive | I | 2 dollars  a week |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer dollar=Stimulus |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandpa's getting on a bit, so we carry his bags.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x10:1
# text = Grandpa's getting on a bit, so we carry his bags.
1	Grandpa	Grandpa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	getting	get	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	carry	carry	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	bags	bag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | gerund |  |  |  | a bit |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent on bit=Source |
| 2 | **carry** | present | we | Grandpa's bags |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bag=Theme |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A pupil, presently aged 7 years, has a sibling aged 4 years. Determine the age of the sibling when the pupil attains the age of 10.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* A pupil, presently aged 7 years, has a sibling aged 4 years.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x11:1
# text = A pupil, presently aged 7 years, has a sibling aged 4 years.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pupil	pupil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
4	presently	presently	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	aged	aged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	7	7	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
9	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	sibling	sibling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	aged	aged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
13	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a pupil and aged 7 years | a sibling |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sibling=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Determine the age of the sibling when the pupil attains the age of 10.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x11:2
# text = Determine the age of the sibling when the pupil attains the age of 10.
1	Determine	determine	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sibling	sibling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	10	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	pupil	pupil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	attains	attain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **determine** | imperative | you *not said here* | the age of the sibling |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent age=Topic |
| 2 | **attain** | present | the pupil | the age of 10 |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent age=Theme |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Be kind and patient with old people.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x12:1
# text = Be kind and patient with old people.
1	Be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	cop	_	_
2	kind	kind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	patient	patient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with old people; kind *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Who's there?" asked the old lady.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:old:x13:1
# text = "Who's there?" asked the old lady.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
7	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	lady	lady	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	iobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *in a quote* | present |  |  |  |  |  | there *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past |  |  | the old lady |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent lady=Recipient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [ola](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/O/ola/)
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- ↑ back to [O in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/O/)