---
title: older — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «older» in the school dictionary: Older means having lived more years than someone else. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# older

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Older, Anna, Sam, Max, older sister, Trees · **What happens:** mean, have, live, make, use, be · **To what, where:** 10, much Mia, high school, little ones · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«older» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [older in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/older.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Older means having lived more years than someone else.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:older:m1:1
# text = Older means having lived more years than someone else.
1	Older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	lived	live	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	amod	_	_
5	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
6	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nmod	_	_
9	else	else	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Older |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** *not said to happen* | gerund | Older *not said here* |  |  |  | year |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **live** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Older means made or used longer ago than something else: «an older house».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:older:m2:1
# text = Older means made or used longer ago than something else: «an older house».
1	Older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
6	longer	long	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	7	advmod	_	_
7	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
8	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obl	_	_
10	else	else	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	2	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	15	amod	_	_
15	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Older |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | ago *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Anna is 3 years older than Tom.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:older:x1:1
# text = Anna is 3 years older than Tom.
1	Anna	Anna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Anna |  |  |  | year | than Tom; old *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sam is 10 and Max is 2 years older.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:older:x2:1
# text = Sam is 10 and Max is 2 years older.
1	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
5	Max	Max	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl:unmarked	_	_
9	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Sam | 10 |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | Max |  |  |  | year | old *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How much older is Mia than Zoe?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:older:x3:1
# text = How much older is Mia than Zoe?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
3	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	Mia	Mia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Zoe	Zoe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | much Mia |  |  |  | than Zoe | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My older sister goes to high school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:older:x4:1
# text = My older sister goes to high school.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	sister	sister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | My older sister |  |  | high school |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to school=Initial\_Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Trees get taller as they get older.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:older:x5:1
# text = Trees get taller as they get older.
1	Trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	taller	tall	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	xcomp	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
7	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | Trees |  |  |  |  | tall *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **get** | present | Trees *= tree* |  |  |  |  | old *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This phone is older than mine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:older:x6:1
# text = This phone is older than mine.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	mine	my	PRON	PRP	Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | this phone |  |  |  |  | than mine; old *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma is 40 years older than me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:older:x7:1
# text = Grandma is 40 years older than me.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Grandma |  |  |  | year | than me; old *property* | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The older children help the little ones.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:older:x8:1
# text = The older children help the little ones.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | the older children | the little ones |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Beneficiary |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And they grew older and wiser.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:older:x9:1
# text = And they grew older and wiser.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	xcomp	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	wiser	wise	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | past | they |  |  |  |  | old *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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