---
title: oncoming — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «oncoming» in the school dictionary: Coming towards you or moving nearer: «oncoming traffic», «an oncoming storm». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# oncoming

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**Who acts:** you, headlights, pavement, cyclist, sailors, oncoming train · **What happens:** come, move, oncom, watch out, cross, dazzle · **To what, where:** traffic, us, oncoming storm, whistle

<!-- .vabout -->
«oncoming» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [oncoming in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/oncoming.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Coming towards you or moving nearer: «oncoming traffic», «an oncoming storm».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:oncoming:m1:1
# text = Coming towards you or moving nearer: «oncoming traffic», «an oncoming storm».
1	Coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	1	obl	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	moving	move	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
6	nearer	near	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	oncoming	oncom	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
10	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	oncoming	oncom	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	amod	_	_
16	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | towards you | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme towards you=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **move** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | near *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **oncom** *in a quote* | gerund |  | traffic |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **oncom** *in a quote* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Watch out for oncoming traffic when you cross.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:oncoming:x1:1
# text = Watch out for oncoming traffic when you cross.
1	Watch	watch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	out	out	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	oncoming	oncom	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	advcl	_	_
5	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	cross	cross	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch out** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **oncom** | gerund | you *not said here* | traffic |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cross** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The headlights of an oncoming car dazzled us.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:oncoming:x2:1
# text = The headlights of an oncoming car dazzled us.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	headlights	headlight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	oncoming	oncom	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	amod	_	_
6	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	dazzled	dazzle	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **oncom** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **dazzle** | participle | the headlights of a oncoming car | us |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus we=Experiencer |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Walk facing oncoming traffic when there is no pavement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:oncoming:x3:1
# text = Walk facing oncoming traffic when there is no pavement.
1	Walk	walk	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	facing	face	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	xcomp	_	_
3	oncoming	oncom	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	7	expl	_	_
7	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	9	det	_	_
9	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **face** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **oncom** | gerund | you *not said here* | traffic |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** | present | no pavement |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cyclist moved over for an oncoming bus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:oncoming:x4:1
# text = The cyclist moved over for an oncoming bus.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cyclist	cyclist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	moved	move	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	over	over	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	oncoming	oncoming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move over** | past | the cyclist |  |  |  |  | for a oncoming bus; over *property* | vn convert-26.6.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sailors saw the oncoming storm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:oncoming:x5:1
# text = The sailors saw the oncoming storm.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sailors	sailor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	oncoming	oncoming	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | the sailors | the oncoming storm |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer storm=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The oncoming train blew its whistle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:oncoming:x6:1
# text = The oncoming train blew its whistle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	oncoming	oncoming	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	blew	blow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	whistle	whistle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blow** | past | the oncoming train | train's whistle |  |  |  |  | vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent whistle=Patient |
| 2 | **whistle** |  | train |  |  |  |  |  | nom whistle «event intransitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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