---
title: only — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «only» in the school dictionary: Only means no more than, or just one. «Only 3 are left» means just 3 are left. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# only

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Sam, only child, wish, I, opposite, you · **What happens:** mean, leave, know, have, show, stop · **To what, where:** more, 3, nothing, brothers, wish, one job · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«only» in the school dictionary: its 8 meanings for a pupil and its 13 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [only in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/only.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only means no more than, or just one. «Only 3 are left» means just 3 are left.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Only means no more than, or just one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:m1:1
# text = Only means no more than, or just one.
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp|ExtPos=ADV	2	obj	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	4	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	just	just	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  | more |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* «Only 3 are left» means just 3 are left.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:m1:2
# text = «Only 3 are left» means just 3 are left.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	just	just	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** *in a quote* | present · passive |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **leave** | present · passive |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only means nothing or nobody else: «Only Sam knew».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:m2:1
# text = Only means nothing or nobody else: «Only Sam knew».
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	2	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	3	conj	_	_
6	else	else	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  | nothing |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** *in a quote* | past | Sam |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An only child has no brothers or sisters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:m3:1
# text = An only child has no brothers or sisters.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	6	det	_	_
6	brothers	brother	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	sisters	sister	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a only child | no brothers or sisters |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent brother=Patient |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«If only» shows a wish: «If only it would stop raining».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:m4:1
# text = «If only» shows a wish: «If only it would stop raining».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	wish	wish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
11	only	only	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	parataxis	_	_
15	raining	rain	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present |  | a wish |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S»: agent=Agent wish=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **stop** *a condition, not said to happen, in a quote* | would | wish |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **rain** *in a quote* | gerund | wish *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only can mean «but»: «I'd come, only I'm busy.».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:m5:1
# text = Only can mean «but»: «I'd come, only I'm busy.».
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	'd	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	only	only	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
14	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	busy	busy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **come** *in a quote* | would | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | I |  |  |  |  | busy *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: casual, sarcastic — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Only the best for you» or «oh, only 3 hours late» says the opposite of what it means.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:m6:1
# text = «Only the best for you» or «oh, only 3 hours late» says the opposite of what it means.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	best	good	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	17	ccomp	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	oh	oh	INTJ	UH	_	15	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
12	only	only	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl:unmarked	_	_
15	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	_
17	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	opposite	opposite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	19	nmod	_	_
22	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the opposite |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present | opposite |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 7 {#m7}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: rough — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Only a muppet would…» is a put-down; «you only had one job» mocks someone who failed.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:m7:1
# text = «Only a muppet would…» is a put-down; «you only had one job» mocks someone who failed.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	muppet	muppet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	…	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	put	put	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	down	down	ADV	RB	_	21	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
16	only	only	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	parataxis	_	_
18	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
19	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	_
21	mocks	mock	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
22	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	21	obj	_	_
23	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	24	nsubj	_	_
24	failed	fail	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | would |  |  |  |  |  | down *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** *in a quote* | past | you | one job |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Patient |
| 3 | **mock** | present |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Theme |
| 4 | **fail** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 8 {#m8}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Solely», «exclusively» and «merely» are stiff words for only: «Admission is restricted exclusively to members.».

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:m8:1
# text = «Solely», «exclusively» and «merely» are stiff words for only: «Admission is restricted exclusively to members.».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	merely	merely	ADV	RB	_	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
13	stiff	stiff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
15	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	only	only	ADV	RB	_	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
18	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	Admission	admission	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	restricted	restrict	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	appos	_	_
22	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
23	to	to	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	members	member	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | stiff words |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **restrict** *in a quote* | present · passive |  | Admission |  |  |  | to members *goal*; exclusively *property* | vn limit-76 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Patient to member=Goal |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only 4 apples are left.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x1:1
# text = Only 4 apples are left.
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	apples	apple	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | present · passive |  | 4 apples |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She has only 2 dollars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x2:1
# text = She has only 2 dollars.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | She | 2 dollars |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dollar=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He is the only boy in the class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x3:1
# text = He is the only boy in the class.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | He | the only boy |  | the class |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only half of the cake was eaten.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x4:1
# text = Only half of the cake was eaten.
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	eaten	eat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past · passive |  | half of the cake |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She is an only child.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x5:1
# text = She is an only child.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | She | a only child |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This door is for staff only.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x6:1
# text = This door is for staff only.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	staff	staff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	only	only	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | this door |  |  |  |  | for staff | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If only I had brought my umbrella!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x7:1
# text = If only I had brought my umbrella!
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	only	only	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	brought	bring	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	umbrella	umbrella	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | past · perfect | I | my umbrella |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent umbrella=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The only way out was through the window.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x8:1
# text = The only way out was through the window.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	out	out	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the only way |  |  | the window |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
only 2 quid left after the shop, gutted (casual, UK)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x9:1
# text = only 2 quid left after the shop, gutted (casual, UK)
1	only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	quid	quid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
4	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	gutted	gut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	casual	casual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | participle |  | 2 quid *not said here* |  |  | after the shop |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **gut** | participle |  | 2 quid *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn pit-10.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Oh, only an hour late, well done (sarcastic)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x10:1
# text = Oh, only an hour late, well done (sarcastic)
1	Oh	oh	INTJ	UH	_	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	late	late	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	_
9	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	sarcastic	sarcastic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | participle | a hour *not said here* | sarcastic |  |  |  | well *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sarcastic=Eventuality |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You had one job — carry 6 eggs — and you broke 4. (rough)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* You had one job — carry 6 eggs — and you broke 4.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x11:1
# text = You had one job — carry 6 eggs — and you broke 4.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
6	carry	carry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
7	6	6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
13	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | You | one job |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Patient |
| 2 | **carry** | infinitive | You *not said here* | 6 eggs |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent egg=Theme |
| 3 | **break** | past | you | 4 |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer 4=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (rough)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x11:2
# text = (rough)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Subsequent to the sale, a mere 4 items remained; the vendor had initially possessed 19. Determine the number sold. (formal exam)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Subsequent to the sale, a mere 4 items remained; the vendor had initially possessed 19.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x12:1
# text = Subsequent to the sale, a mere 4 items remained; the vendor had initially possessed 19.
1	Subsequent	subsequent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	sale	sale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	mere	mere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
8	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	items	item	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	remained	remain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	vendor	vendor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
14	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
15	initially	initially	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	possessed	possess	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
17	19	19	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | participle |  | 4 items *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **possess** | past · perfect · passive |  | the vendor |  |  |  | initially *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Determine the number sold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x12:2
# text = Determine the number sold.
1	Determine	determine	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	sold	sell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **determine** | imperative | you *not said here* | the number |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Topic |
| 2 | **sell** | participle |  | the number *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 3:* (formal exam)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x12:3
# text = (formal exam)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	exam	exam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But the Skin Horse only smiled.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:only:x13:1
# text = But the Skin Horse only smiled.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	Skin	Skin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	Horse	Horse	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	only	only	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	smiled	smile	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smile** | past | the Skin Horse |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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