---
title: orally — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «orally» in the school dictionary: By speaking, not in writing, as in "answer orally". Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# orally

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, We, our, Some · **What happens:** speak, take, answer, pass down, present, project · **To what, where:** medicine, questions, writing, old stories, two tablets, science project · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«orally» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [orally in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/orally.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By speaking, not in writing, as in "answer orally".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:orally:m1:1
# text = By speaking, not in writing, as in "answer orally".
1	By	by	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	orally	orally	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: medicine — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By mouth, as in "take this medicine orally".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:orally:m2:1
# text = By mouth, as in "take this medicine orally".
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	fixed	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	orally	orally	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** *in a quote* | imperative |  | this medicine |  |  |  | by mouth; orally *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent medicine=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please answer the questions orally, not in writing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:orally:x1:1
# text = Please answer the questions orally, not in writing.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	answer	answer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	questions	question	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	orally	orally	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **answer** *speech: assert* | imperative | you *not said here* | the questions |  | writing |  | orally *property* | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent question=Eventuality |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old stories were passed down orally for hundreds of years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:orally:x2:1
# text = The old stories were passed down orally for hundreds of years.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	down	down	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	orally	orally	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass down** | past · passive |  | the old stories |  |  |  | for hundreds of years; orally *property* | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: subject=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Take two tablets orally with water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:orally:x3:1
# text = Take two tablets orally with water.
1	Take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	tablets	tablet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	orally	orally	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | imperative | you *not said here* | two tablets |  |  |  | with water; orally *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tablet=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We presented our science project orally to the class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:orally:x4:1
# text = We presented our science project orally to the class.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	presented	present	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	project	project	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	orally	orally	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **present** | past | We | our science project |  |  |  | orally *property* | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent project=Theme |
| 2 | **project** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom project «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the French test, part is done orally.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:orally:x5:1
# text = In the French test, part is done orally.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	French	French	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	orally	orally	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | present · passive |  | part |  | the French test |  | orally *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The vaccine can be given orally as drops.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:orally:x6:1
# text = The vaccine can be given orally as drops.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	vaccine	vaccine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	orally	orally	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	drops	drop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | can · passive |  | the vaccine |  |  |  | as drops; orally *property* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some of the Indian tales reached Europe at the time of the Crusades, either orally or in collections no longer extant.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:orally:x7:1
# text = Some of the Indian tales reached Europe at the time of the Crusades, either orally or in collections no longer extant.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	tales	tale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
6	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	Crusades	Crusade	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	either	either	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc:preconj	_	_
16	orally	orally	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	collections	collection	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl	_	_
20	no	no	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	longer	long	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	22	advmod	_	_
22	extant	extant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reach** | past | Some | Europe |  |  | time | orally *property* | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent europe=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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