---
title: ossified — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «ossified» in the school dictionary: Ossified means turned into bone: soft cartilage that has hardened into bone, as happens in a growing child's skeleton. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# ossified

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** groups, skull, children, cartilage, old club, nobody · **What happens:** ossify, mean, turn, harden, happen, grow · **To what, where:** bone, soft cartilage, skeleton, ideas, old dry bones, skull · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«ossified» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [ossified in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/ossified.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ossified means turned into bone: soft cartilage that has hardened into bone, as happens in a growing child's skeleton.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ossified:m1:1
# text = Ossified means turned into bone: soft cartilage that has hardened into bone, as happens in a growing child's skeleton.
1	Ossified	ossify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	turned	turn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	hardened	harden	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl:relcl	_	_
12	into	into	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
16	happens	happen	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	growing	grow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	20	amod	_	_
20	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	's	's	PART	POS	_	20	case	_	_
22	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ossify** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **turn** | participle |  |  |  | bone |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into bone=Trajectory |
| 4 | **harden** | present · perfect · passive |  | soft cartilage |  | bone |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 5 | **happen** | present |  |  |  | a growing child's skeleton |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in skeleton=Location |
| 6 | **grow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ossified describes ideas, rules or groups that have become fixed, stiff and unable to change, like old dry bones.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ossified:m2:1
# text = Ossified describes ideas, rules or groups that have become fixed, stiff and unable to change, like old dry bones.
1	Ossified	ossify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	mark	_	_
2	describes	describe	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	fixed	fix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	stiff	stiff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	unable	unable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	conj	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	change	change	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
19	like	like	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
21	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ossify** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **describe** | present |  | ideas and rules or groups |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent idea=Theme |
| 3 | **become** | present · perfect | groups |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **fix** | participle | groups *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **change** | to-infinitive | groups *not said here* | old dry bones |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A baby's skull is not fully ossified, so it has soft spots.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ossified:x1:1
# text = A baby's skull is not fully ossified, so it has soft spots.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	skull	skull	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
7	fully	fully	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	ossified	ossify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
13	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	spots	spot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **ossify** | present · passive |  | a baby's skull |  |  |  | fully *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **have** | present | skull | soft spots |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spot=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As children grow, cartilage in the bones becomes ossified.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ossified:x2:1
# text = As children grow, cartilage in the bones becomes ossified.
1	As	as	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	becomes	become	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	ossified	ossify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | children |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **become** | present | cartilage in the bones |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **ossify** | participle | cartilage in the bones *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old club had ossified rules that nobody dared to change.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ossified:x3:1
# text = The old club had ossified rules that nobody dared to change.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	club	club	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	ossified	ossify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	obj	_	_
8	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	9	nsubj	_	_
9	dared	dare	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	change	change	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the old club | ossified rules |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Patient |
| 2 | **ossify** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **dare** | past | nobody | ossified rules |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent that=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 4 | **change** | to-infinitive | nobody *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher said the empire's government had become ossified and slow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ossified:x4:1
# text = The teacher said the empire's government had become ossified and slow.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	empire	empire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	ccomp	_	_
10	ossified	ossified	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	slow	slow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the teacher |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **become** | past · perfect | the empire's government |  |  |  |  | ossified *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The X-ray showed which bones had ossified.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ossified:x5:1
# text = The X-ray showed which bones had ossified.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	X	x	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	ray	ray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	7	det	_	_
7	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	ossified	ossify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the X ray |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **ossify** | past · perfect · passive |  | which bones |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some ideas grow ossified if nobody questions them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ossified:x6:1
# text = Some ideas grow ossified if nobody questions them.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	ossified	ossify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
5	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	7	compound	_	_
7	questions	question	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | some ideas | ossified nobody questions |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location question=Theme |
| 2 | **ossify** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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