---
title: overdraft — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «overdraft» in the school dictionary: An overdraft is when a bank lets you take out more money from your account than you have in it, so you owe the bank money. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# overdraft

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** overdraft, you, your, Mum, we, bank · **What happens:** be, take out, have, owe, account, say · **To what, where:** more money, account, bank, bank money, amount, money · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«overdraft» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [overdraft in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/overdraft.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: money — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An overdraft is when a bank lets you take out more money from your account than you have in it, so you owe the bank money.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overdraft:m1:1
# text = An overdraft is when a bank lets you take out more money from your account than you have in it, so you owe the bank money.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	overdraft	overdraft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	7	mark	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bank	bank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	lets	let	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	out	out	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	amod	_	_
12	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	account	account	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
16	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
17	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
22	so	so	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
23	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	owe	owe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	bank	bank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a overdraft |  |  |  |  | let *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **take out** | infinitive | a overdraft *not said here* | more money |  | your account |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent money=Theme from account=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **have** | present | you |  |  | bank |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **owe** | present | you | the bank money |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent money=Theme |
| 5 | **account** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom account «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: money — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An overdraft is the amount of money owed in this way.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overdraft:m2:1
# text = An overdraft is the amount of money owed in this way.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	overdraft	overdraft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	owed	owe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	11	det	_	_
11	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a overdraft | the amount |  |  |  | of money | tree rules |
| 2 | **owe** | participle |  | money *not said here* |  | this way |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum said we were nearly in our overdraft, so no takeaway this week.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overdraft:x1:1
# text = Mum said we were nearly in our overdraft, so no takeaway this week.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	nearly	nearly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	overdraft	overdraft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
11	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	12	det	_	_
12	takeaway	takeaway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
13	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	14	det	_	_
14	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Mum |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | we |  |  | our overdraft |  | nearly *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bank gave Dad an overdraft of £500.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overdraft:x2:1
# text = The bank gave Dad an overdraft of £500.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bank	bank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Dad	Dad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	iobj	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	overdraft	overdraft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	£	£	SYM	$	_	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	500	500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the bank | a overdraft | Dad |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent dad=Recipient overdraft=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He had £40 and spent £60, so he had a £20 overdraft.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overdraft:x3:1
# text = He had £40 and spent £60, so he had a £20 overdraft.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	£	£	SYM	$	_	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	spent	spend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	£	£	SYM	$	_	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	60	60	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	£	£	SYM	$	_	16	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
16	overdraft	overdraft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent £=Patient |
| 2 | **spend** | past | He *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent £=Asset |
| 3 | **have** | past | he | a £ overdraft |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent overdraft=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Overdrafts can be expensive because banks charge fees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overdraft:x4:1
# text = Overdrafts can be expensive because banks charge fees.
1	Overdrafts	overdraft	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
4	expensive	expensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	banks	bank	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	charge	charge	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
8	fees	fee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | can | Overdrafts |  |  |  |  | expensive *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **charge** | present | banks | fees |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location fee=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They worked hard to pay off their overdraft.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overdraft:x5:1
# text = They worked hard to pay off their overdraft.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	worked	work	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
6	off	off	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	overdraft	overdraft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | past | They |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **pay off** | to-infinitive | They *not said here* | their overdraft |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent overdraft=Asset |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her overdraft limit is £200, so she can't spend more.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overdraft:x6:1
# text = Her overdraft limit is £200, so she can't spend more.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	overdraft	overdraft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	limit	limit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	£	£	SYM	$	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	200	200	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
9	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
10	ca	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	spend	spend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
13	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **spend** | can | she | more |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Asset |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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