---
title: overhead — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «overhead» in the school dictionary: Overhead means above your head or up in the sky. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# overhead

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Overhead, Overheads, regular costs, plane, geese, you · **What happens:** mean, place, be, run, fly, honk · **To what, where:** head, overhead thing, regular costs, business, kite, overhead power lines

<!-- .vabout -->
«overhead» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [overhead in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/overhead.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Overhead means above your head or up in the sky.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:m1:1
# text = Overhead means above your head or up in the sky.
1	Overhead	overhead	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	above	above	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	up	up	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Overhead |  |  | your head or the sky |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An overhead thing is placed above you, like an overhead light or overhead locker.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:m2:1
# text = An overhead thing is placed above you, like an overhead light or overhead locker.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	overhead	overhead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	placed	place	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	above	above	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	overhead	overhead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	overhead	overhead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	locker	locker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **place** | present · passive |  | a overhead thing |  |  |  | above you; like a overhead light or overhead locker | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme above you=Destination |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Overheads are the regular costs of running a business, like rent and electricity.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:m3:1
# text = Overheads are the regular costs of running a business, like rent and electricity.
1	Overheads	overhead	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	regular	regular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	costs	cost	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	running	run	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	rent	rent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	electricity	electricity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Overheads | the regular costs |  |  |  | like rent and electricity | tree rules |
| 2 | **run** | gerund | the regular costs *not said here* | a business |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme business=Trajectory |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A plane flew low overhead.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:x1:1
# text = A plane flew low overhead.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	overhead	overhead	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | past | a plane |  |  |  |  | low, overhead *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The geese honked as they flew overhead.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:x2:1
# text = The geese honked as they flew overhead.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	geese	goose	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	honked	honk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
7	overhead	overhead	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **honk** | past | the geese |  |  |  |  |  | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **fly** | past | geese *= goose* |  |  |  |  | overhead *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never fly a kite near overhead power lines.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:x3:1
# text = Never fly a kite near overhead power lines.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	fly	fly	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	kite	kite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	near	near	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	overhead	overhead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **fly** | imperative | you *not said here* | a kite |  | overhead power lines |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V NP.theme PP»: agent=Agent kite=Theme near line=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Put your bag in the overhead locker.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:x4:1
# text = Put your bag in the overhead locker.
1	Put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	bag	bag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	overhead	overhead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	locker	locker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | imperative | you *not said here* | your bag |  | the overhead locker |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent bag=Theme in locker=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The overhead light in the kitchen flickered.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:x5:1
# text = The overhead light in the kitchen flickered.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	overhead	overhead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	kitchen	kitchen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	flickered	flicker	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flicker** | past | the overhead light in the kitchen |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Sun is almost directly overhead at noon in summer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:x6:1
# text = The Sun is almost directly overhead at noon in summer.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	directly	directly	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	overhead	overhead	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	noon	noon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the Sun |  |  |  | at noon; summer | overhead *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He threw the ball with an overhead throw.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:x7:1
# text = He threw the ball with an overhead throw.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	threw	throw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	overhead	overhead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	throw	throw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **throw** | past | He | the ball |  |  |  | with a overhead throw | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ball=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shop closed because its overheads were too high.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:x8:1
# text = The shop closed because its overheads were too high.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	closed	close	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
5	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	overheads	overhead	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
7	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	too	too	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | participle | the shop |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | past | shop's overheads |  |  |  |  | high *property* | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A large yellow sun hung directly overhead.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overhead:x9:1
# text = A large yellow sun hung directly overhead.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	yellow	yellow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	hung	hang	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	directly	directly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	overhead	overhead	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hang** | past | a large yellow sun |  |  |  |  | directly, overhead *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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