---
title: overlying — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «overlying» in the school dictionary: Lying on top of something else; covering it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# overlying

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**Who acts:** overlying rock, overlying layer, Snow, doctor, Fossils, overlying clay · **What happens:** lie, cover, be, form, look, keep · **To what, where:** top, overlying blanket, ice, water

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«overlying» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [overlying in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/overlying.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lying on top of something else; covering it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overlying:m1:1
# text = Lying on top of something else; covering it.
1	Lying	lie	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	nmod	_	_
6	else	else	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
8	covering	cover	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | gerund |  |  |  | top of something |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on top=Location |
| 2 | **cover** | gerund |  | top |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme it=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Being more noticeable or on the surface, over a deeper thing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overlying:m2:1
# text = Being more noticeable or on the surface, over a deeper thing.
1	Being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	cop	_	_
2	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	3	advmod	_	_
3	noticeable	noticeable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	over	over	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	deeper	deep	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	amod	_	_
12	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | noticeable *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The overlying rock is younger than the rock beneath it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overlying:x1:1
# text = The overlying rock is younger than the rock beneath it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	overlying	overlying	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the overlying rock |  |  |  |  | than the rock beneath it; young *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The overlying layer of soil was full of worms.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overlying:x2:1
# text = The overlying layer of soil was full of worms.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	overlying	overlying	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	worms	worm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the overlying layer of soil |  |  |  |  | of worms; full *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Snow formed an overlying blanket on the ice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overlying:x3:1
# text = Snow formed an overlying blanket on the ice.
1	Snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	formed	form	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	overlying	overlying	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	blanket	blanket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | past | Snow | a overlying blanket |  | the ice |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location blanket=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor looked at the overlying skin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overlying:x4:1
# text = The doctor looked at the overlying skin.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	overlying	overlying	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | the doctor |  |  |  |  | at the overlying skin | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at skin=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fossils in the overlying layers are more recent.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overlying:x5:1
# text = Fossils in the overlying layers are more recent.
1	Fossils	fossil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	overlying	overlying	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	8	advmod	_	_
8	recent	recent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Fossils in the overlying layers |  |  |  |  | recent *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The overlying clay keeps the water trapped underground.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overlying:x6:1
# text = The overlying clay keeps the water trapped underground.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	overlying	overlying	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	clay	clay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	trapped	trap	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	underground	underground	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | the overlying clay | the water |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme |
| 2 | **trap** | participle |  | the water *not said here* |  |  |  | underground *property* | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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