---
title: overtake — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «overtake» in the school dictionary: To overtake is to catch up with someone moving in the same direction and go past them. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# overtake

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** runner, you, car, Sales, Sleep, faster horse · **What happens:** overtake, be, move, go, mean, become · **To what, where:** same direction, three others, last lap, bend, bus, paper books

<!-- .vabout -->
«overtake» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [overtake in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/overtake.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To overtake is to catch up with someone moving in the same direction and go past them.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtake:m1:1
# text = To overtake is to catch up with someone moving in the same direction and go past them.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	overtake	overtake	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	catch	catch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obl	_	_
9	moving	move	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	direction	direction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
16	past	past	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **overtake** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | with someone; catch *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **move** | gerund |  |  |  | the same direction |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme in direction=Trajectory |
| 4 | **go** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | past them *= they* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme past they=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To overtake can mean to become bigger or better than someone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtake:m2:1
# text = To overtake can mean to become bigger or better than someone.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	overtake	overtake	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	become	become	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	bigger	big	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	xcomp	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	conj	_	_
10	than	than	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can · infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **become** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | big *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To overtake can mean to happen to someone suddenly, like a feeling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtake:m3:1
# text = To overtake can mean to happen to someone suddenly, like a feeling.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	overtake	overtake	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	happen	happen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obl	_	_
9	suddenly	suddenly	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	feeling	feeling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can · infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **happen** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | to someone; like a feeling; suddenly *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The runner overtook three others on the last lap.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtake:x1:1
# text = The runner overtook three others on the last lap.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	runner	runner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	overtook	overtake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	lap	lap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **overtake** | past | the runner | three others |  | the last lap |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never overtake on a bend.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtake:x2:1
# text = Never overtake on a bend.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	overtake	overtake	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bend	bend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **overtake** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | a bend |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A car overtook our bus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtake:x3:1
# text = A car overtook our bus.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	overtook	overtake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **overtake** | past | a car | our bus |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sales of e-books may overtake paper books.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtake:x4:1
# text = Sales of e-books may overtake paper books.
1	Sales	sale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	e-books	e-book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	overtake	overtake	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **overtake** | may | Sales of e-books | paper books |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sleep overtook the tired children.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtake:x5:1
# text = Sleep overtook the tired children.
1	Sleep	sleep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	overtook	overtake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	tired	tired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **overtake** | past | Sleep | the tired children |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The faster horse overtook the leader.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtake:x6:1
# text = The faster horse overtook the leader.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	faster	fast	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	overtook	overtake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	leader	leader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **overtake** | past | the faster horse | the leader |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Prince followed, but could not overtake her.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtake:x7:1
# text = The Prince followed, but could not overtake her.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Prince	Prince	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	followed	follow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	overtake	overtake	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
9	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | past | the Prince |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **overtake** | could |  | her *= she* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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