---
title: overtime — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «overtime» in the school dictionary: Overtime is extra time that someone works after their normal working hours. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# overtime

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Overtime, extra time, brain, Dad, Mum, extra money · **What happens:** be, work, pay, add, tie, finish · **To what, where:** extra time, money, score, job, extra money, overtime

<!-- .vabout -->
«overtime» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [overtime in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/overtime.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Overtime is extra time that someone works after their normal working hours.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtime:m1:1
# text = Overtime is extra time that someone works after their normal working hours.
1	Overtime	overtime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
6	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	nsubj	_	_
7	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	after	after	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
10	normal	normal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
11	working	working	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Overtime | extra time |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **work** | present | extra time |  |  |  | hour |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Overtime is also the money paid for that extra work.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtime:m2:1
# text = Overtime is also the money paid for that extra work.
1	Overtime	overtime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	paid	pay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	10	nsubj	_	_
9	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Overtime | the money |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pay** | participle |  | the money *not said here* |  |  |  | for extra work | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for work=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: sport, USA, Canada — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Extra time added to the end of a game when the score is tied.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtime:m3:1
# text = Extra time added to the end of a game when the score is tied.
1	Extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	added	add	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	14	mark	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	score	score	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	tied	tie	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | participle |  | Extra time *not said here* |  |  | to the end of a game |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to end=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **tie** | present · passive |  | the score |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Working overtime (informal): working very hard: «My brain is working overtime».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtime:m4:1
# text = Working overtime (informal): working very hard: «My brain is working overtime».
1	Working	work	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	overtime	overtime	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	informal	informal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	working	work	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	parataxis	_	_
8	very	very	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	brain	brain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	working	work	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
16	overtime	overtime	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | overtime *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **work** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **work** *in a quote* | present · progressive | My brain |  |  |  |  | overtime *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad worked overtime to finish the job.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtime:x1:1
# text = Dad worked overtime to finish the job.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	worked	work	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	overtime	overtime	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	finish	finish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | past | Dad |  |  |  |  | overtime *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **finish** | to-infinitive | Dad *not said here* | the job |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality job=Eventuality |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum gets extra money for doing overtime.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtime:x2:1
# text = Mum gets extra money for doing overtime.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	doing	do	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	overtime	overtime	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | Mum | extra money |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer money=Stimulus |
| 2 | **do** | gerund | extra money *not said here* |  |  |  |  | overtime *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The hockey game went into overtime.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtime:x3:1
# text = The hockey game went into overtime.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	hockey	hockey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	overtime	overtime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | the hockey game |  |  | overtime |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into overtime=Initial\_Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My imagination was working overtime last night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtime:x4:1
# text = My imagination was working overtime last night.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	imagination	imagination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	working	work	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	overtime	overtime	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | past · progressive | My imagination |  |  |  | night | overtime *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **imagine** |  | My |  |  |  |  |  | nom imagination «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nurses often work overtime during busy weeks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtime:x5:1
# text = Nurses often work overtime during busy weeks.
1	Nurses	nurse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	often	often	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	work	work	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	overtime	overtime	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	during	during	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	busy	busy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	weeks	week	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | present | Nurses |  |  |  | week | often, overtime *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If Sam earns ten dollars an hour and fifteen dollars for each hour of overtime, how much does he get for two hours of overtime?

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtime:x6:1
# text = If Sam earns ten dollars an hour and fifteen dollars for each hour of overtime, how much does he get for two hours of overtime?
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	earns	earn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:unmarked	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	fifteen	fifteen	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	det	_	_
13	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	overtime	overtime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	18	advmod	_	_
18	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	obj	_	_
19	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
20	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
22	for	for	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	24	nummod	_	_
24	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obl	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	overtime	overtime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **earn** | present | Sam | ten dollars  a hour and fifteen dollars |  |  | hour |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dollar=Theme |
| 2 | **get** | present · do-support | Sam | much |  |  | hour |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer much=Stimulus |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shop pays overtime at time and a half.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:overtime:x7:1
# text = The shop pays overtime at time and a half.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	pays	pay	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	overtime	overtime	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pay** | present | the shop |  |  |  | time | overtime *property* | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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