---
title: own — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «own» in the school dictionary: To own something is to have it as yours. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# own

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** own book, that, own, you, She, He · **What happens:** own, be, mean, own up, admit, do · **To what, where:** something, book, mine, 3 bikes, own room, 20 sheep · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«own» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [own in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/own.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To own something is to have it as yours.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:m1:1
# text = To own something is to have it as yours.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	own	own	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	yours	your	PRON	PRP	Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **own** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot something=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | as yours; have *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«My own book» is a book that is mine and nobody else's.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:m2:1
# text = «My own book» is a book that is mine and nobody else's.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
3	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	mine	my	PRON	PRP	Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	11	conj	_	_
14	else	else	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	's	's	PART	POS	_	13	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My own book | a book |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | that | mine |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«On your own» means alone, or without help.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:m3:1
# text = «On your own» means alone, or without help.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	On	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	without	without	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	help	help	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | your own |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«To own up» means to admit you did something wrong.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:m4:1
# text = «To own up» means to admit you did something wrong.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	To	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
3	own	own	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	admit	admit	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	ccomp	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	ccomp	_	_
11	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	obj	_	_
12	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **own up** *in a quote* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **admit** *speech: other* *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn confess-37.10 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **do** | past | you | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She owns 3 bikes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:x1:1
# text = She owns 3 bikes.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	owns	own	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	bikes	bike	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **own** | present | She | 3 bikes |  |  |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot bike=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He has his own room.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:x2:1
# text = He has his own room.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | He | his own room |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent room=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They own 20 sheep.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:x3:1
# text = They own 20 sheep.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	own	own	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **own** | present | They | 20 sheep |  |  |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot sheep=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many books does Tom own?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:x4:1
# text = How many books does Tom own?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	own	own	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **own** | present · do-support | many books |  |  |  |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Can I walk to school on my own?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:x5:1
# text = Can I walk to school on my own?
1	Can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	walk	walk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | can | I |  |  | my own |  | to school *result* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to school=Result |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Make your own sandwich.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:x6:1
# text = Make your own sandwich.
1	Make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
3	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	sandwich	sandwich	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | imperative | you *not said here* | your own sandwich |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sandwich=Product |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He owned up to breaking the vase.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:x7:1
# text = He owned up to breaking the vase.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	owned	own	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	up	up	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	to	to	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	vase	vase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **own up** | past | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot |
| 2 | **break** | gerund | He *not said here* | the vase |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer vase=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each bird has its own nest.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:x8:1
# text = Each bird has its own nest.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	nest	nest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | each bird | bird's own nest |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nest=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Who owns this jacket?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:x9:1
# text = Who owns this jacket?
1	Who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	2	nsubj	_	_
2	owns	own	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	det	_	_
4	jacket	jacket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **own** | present |  | this jacket |  |  |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot jacket=Theme |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ingratitude sometimes brings its own punishment.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:own:x10:1
# text = Ingratitude sometimes brings its own punishment.
1	Ingratitude	ingratitude	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	3	advmod	_	_
3	brings	bring	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	punishment	punishment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | present | Ingratitude | Ingratitude's own punishment |  |  |  | sometimes *property* | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent punishment=Theme |
| 2 | **punish** |  | Ingratitude |  |  |  |  |  | nom punishment «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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