---
title: pandemic — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «pandemic» in the school dictionary: A pandemic is an outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads across many countries or the whole world and makes very many people ill. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/P/pandemic/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [P](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/P/) / pandemic

# pandemic

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** pandemic, that, we, Black Death, Washing, Scientists · **What happens:** be, spread, make, mean, close, learn · **To what, where:** outbreak, many countries, many people, home, terrible pandemic, hands

<!-- .vabout -->
«pandemic» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [pandemic in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/pandemic.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A pandemic is an outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads across many countries or the whole world and makes very many people ill.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pandemic:m1:1
# text = A pandemic is an outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads across many countries or the whole world and makes very many people ill.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	outbreak	outbreak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	infectious	infectious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	disease	disease	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
12	across	across	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
21	very	very	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
22	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	_
24	ill	ill	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a pandemic | a outbreak |  |  |  | of a infectious disease | tree rules |
| 2 | **spread** | present | that |  |  | many countries  the whole world |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme across country=Destination |
| 3 | **make** | present | that *not said here* | many people |  |  |  | ill *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset people=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As an adjective, pandemic means spreading everywhere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pandemic:m2:1
# text = As an adjective, pandemic means spreading everywhere.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	spreading	spread	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	xcomp	_	_
8	everywhere	everywhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | pandemic |  |  |  |  | as a adjective | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **spread** *not said to happen* | gerund | pandemic *not said here* |  |  |  |  | everywhere *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The COVID-19 pandemic closed schools around the world.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pandemic:x1:1
# text = The COVID-19 pandemic closed schools around the world.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	COVID	COVID	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	19	19	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	_
5	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	closed	close	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	schools	school	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	appos	_	_
8	around	around	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
During the pandemic we learnt at home.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pandemic:x2:1
# text = During the pandemic we learnt at home.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	learnt	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | we |  |  | home | during the pandemic |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Black Death was a terrible pandemic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pandemic:x3:1
# text = The Black Death was a terrible pandemic.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Death	Death	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	terrible	terrible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the Black Death | a terrible pandemic |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Washing hands helps slow down a pandemic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pandemic:x4:1
# text = Washing hands helps slow down a pandemic.
1	Washing	wash	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	csubj	_	_
2	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	slow	slow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	down	down	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wash** | gerund |  | hands |  |  |  |  | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |
| 2 | **help** | present | Washing |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **slow down** | infinitive | Washing *not said here* | a pandemic |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent pandemic=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists made vaccines during the pandemic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pandemic:x5:1
# text = Scientists made vaccines during the pandemic.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	vaccines	vaccine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	during	during	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Scientists | vaccines |  |  | during the pandemic |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset vaccine=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A pandemic spreads to many countries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pandemic:x6:1
# text = A pandemic spreads to many countries.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | present | a pandemic |  |  |  |  | to many countries | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma remembers the pandemic lockdowns.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pandemic:x7:1
# text = Grandma remembers the pandemic lockdowns.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	remembers	remember	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	lockdowns	lockdown	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remember** | present | Grandma | the pandemic lockdowns |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent lockdown=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [panda](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/P/panda/)
- next →: [pandemonium](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/P/pandemonium/)
- ↑ back to [P in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/P/)