---
title: paralysis — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «paralysis» in the school dictionary: Loss of the ability to move some or all of the body, usually because of injury or illness to the nerves. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# paralysis

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** state, he, Polio, snowstorm, She, bites · **What happens:** move, not be, act, decide, work, have · **To what, where:** some, paralysis, legs, roads, Paralympics

<!-- .vabout -->
«paralysis» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [paralysis in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/paralysis.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Loss of the ability to move some or all of the body, usually because of injury or illness to the nerves.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paralysis:m1:1
# text = Loss of the ability to move some or all of the body, usually because of injury or illness to the nerves.
1	Loss	loss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	ability	ability	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	_
7	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	conj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
15	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	17	case	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	fixed	_	_
17	injury	injury	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
20	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	nerves	nerve	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | to-infinitive |  | some |  |  |  | because injury to the nerves or illness | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent some=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A state of not being able to act, decide or work.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paralysis:m2:1
# text = A state of not being able to act, decide or work.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
5	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	cop	_	_
6	able	able	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	acl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	act	act	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	decide	decide	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	work	work	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | gerund | a state *not said here* |  |  |  |  | able *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **act** | to-infinitive | a state *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **decide** | infinitive | a state *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **work** | infinitive | a state *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"a paralysis of fear", "traffic paralysis".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paralysis:m2e:1
# text = "a paralysis of fear", "traffic paralysis".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	paralysis	paralysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	paralysis	paralysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After the accident he had paralysis in his legs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paralysis:x1:1
# text = After the accident he had paralysis in his legs.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	accident	accident	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	paralysis	paralysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | he | paralysis |  | his legs | after the accident |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent paralysis=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Polio once caused paralysis in many children.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paralysis:x2:1
# text = Polio once caused paralysis in many children.
1	Polio	polio	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	3	advmod	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	paralysis	paralysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | past | Polio | paralysis |  |  |  | in many children; once *property* | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition paralysis=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The snowstorm caused paralysis on the roads.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paralysis:x3:1
# text = The snowstorm caused paralysis on the roads.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	snowstorm	snowstorm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	paralysis	paralysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	roads	road	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | past | the snowstorm | paralysis |  | the roads |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition paralysis=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She stood in a paralysis of fear.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paralysis:x4:1
# text = She stood in a paralysis of fear.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	paralysis	paralysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past | She |  |  | a paralysis of fear |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in paralysis=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some spiders' bites cause paralysis in insects.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paralysis:x5:1
# text = Some spiders' bites cause paralysis in insects.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	spiders	spider	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	'	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	bites	bite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	cause	cause	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	paralysis	paralysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present | some spiders's bites | paralysis |  |  |  | in insects | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition paralysis=Patient |
| 2 | **bite** |  | some spiders |  |  |  |  |  | nom bite «state transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many athletes with paralysis compete in the Paralympics.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paralysis:x6:1
# text = Many athletes with paralysis compete in the Paralympics.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	athletes	athlete	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	paralysis	paralysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	compete	compete	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Paralympics	Paralympic	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **compete** | present | Many athletes with paralysis |  |  | the Paralympics |  |  | vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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