---
title: paramecia — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «paramecia» in the school dictionary: Paramecia are tiny one-celled living things that live in fresh water and are shaped like a slipper; they swim using tiny hairs called cilia. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# paramecia

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Paramecia, tiny celled living things, tiny hairs, We, One paramecium · **What happens:** cell, live, be, shape, swim, use · **To what, where:** tiny celled living things, fresh water, tiny hairs, cilia, paramecia, microscope · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«paramecia» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [paramecia in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/paramecia.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paramecia are tiny one-celled living things that live in fresh water and are shaped like a slipper; they swim using tiny hairs called cilia.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paramecia:m1:1
# text = Paramecia are tiny one-celled living things that live in fresh water and are shaped like a slipper; they swim using tiny hairs called cilia.
1	Paramecia	paramecium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
3	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	celled	cell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
7	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	amod	_	_
8	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	fresh	fresh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	_
17	like	like	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	slipper	slipper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
21	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	swim	swim	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
23	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	22	advcl	_	_
24	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	hairs	hair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obj	_	_
26	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	acl	_	_
27	cilia	cilium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cell** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | present | Paramecia | tiny celled living things |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **live** | present | tiny celled living things |  |  | fresh water |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in water=Location |
| 5 | **shape** | present · passive | tiny celled living things *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like a slipper | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP» |
| 6 | **swim** | present | Paramecia *= paramecium* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **use** | gerund | Paramecia *= paramecium* *not said here* | tiny hairs |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hair=Patient |
| 8 | **call** | participle | tiny hairs *not said here* | cilia |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw paramecia under the microscope.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paramecia:x1:1
# text = We saw paramecia under the microscope.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	paramecia	paramecium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	under	under	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	microscope	microscope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | paramecia |  | the microscope |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer paramecium=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paramecia live in pond water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paramecia:x2:1
# text = Paramecia live in pond water.
1	Paramecia	paramecium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	pond	pond	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | Paramecia |  |  | pond water |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in water=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paramecia swim by waving tiny hairs called cilia.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paramecia:x3:1
# text = Paramecia swim by waving tiny hairs called cilia.
1	Paramecia	paramecium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	swim	swim	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	waving	wave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	hairs	hair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	cilia	cilium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swim** | present | Paramecia |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **wave** | gerund | Paramecia *not said here* | tiny hairs |  |  |  |  | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hair=Patient |
| 3 | **call** | participle | tiny hairs *not said here* | cilia |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One paramecium is too small to see with your eyes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paramecia:x4:1
# text = One paramecium is too small to see with your eyes.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	paramecium	paramecium	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	too	too	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | One paramecium |  |  |  |  | small *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | One paramecium *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with your eyes | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The paramecia ate the bacteria in the drop of water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paramecia:x5:1
# text = The paramecia ate the bacteria in the drop of water.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	paramecia	paramecium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	drop	drop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past | the paramecia | the bacteria |  | the drop of water |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paramecia are shaped a bit like a slipper.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paramecia:x6:1
# text = Paramecia are shaped a bit like a slipper.
1	Paramecia	paramecium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
6	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	slipper	slipper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shape** | present · passive |  | Paramecia |  |  |  | like a slipper; a bit *obl:unmarked* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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