---
title: parthenogenesis — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «parthenogenesis» in the school dictionary: Parthenogenesis is a way some animals and plants have babies from an egg that has not been fertilised, so no father is needed. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# parthenogenesis

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Parthenogenesis, animals, aphids, Komodo dragon, Whiptail lizards, baby · **What happens:** be, have, not fertilis, need, reproduce, use · **To what, where:** way, babies, egg, father, parthenogenesis, kind · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«parthenogenesis» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [parthenogenesis in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/parthenogenesis.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Parthenogenesis is a way some animals and plants have babies from an egg that has not been fertilised, so no father is needed.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:parthenogenesis:m1:1
# text = Parthenogenesis is a way some animals and plants have babies from an egg that has not been fertilised, so no father is needed.
1	Parthenogenesis	parthenogenesis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
6	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
10	babies	baby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	egg	egg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
16	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	18	advmod	_	_
17	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	fertilised	fertilis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
20	so	so	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
21	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	22	det	_	_
22	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	_
23	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux:pass	_	_
24	needed	need	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Parthenogenesis | a way |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | some animals and plants | babies |  | a egg |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent baby=Patient |
| 3 | **not** **fertilis** | present · perfect · passive |  | a egg |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **need** | present · passive |  | no father |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some aphids reproduce by parthenogenesis in summer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:parthenogenesis:x1:1
# text = Some aphids reproduce by parthenogenesis in summer.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	aphids	aphid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	reproduce	reproduce	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	parthenogenesis	parthenogenesis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reproduce** | present | some aphids |  |  |  | summer | by parthenogenesis | vn birth-28.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A Komodo dragon in a zoo had babies by parthenogenesis.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:parthenogenesis:x2:1
# text = A Komodo dragon in a zoo had babies by parthenogenesis.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Komodo	Komodo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	dragon	dragon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	zoo	zoo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	babies	baby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	parthenogenesis	parthenogenesis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | a Komodo dragon in a zoo | babies |  |  |  | by parthenogenesis | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent baby=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Whiptail lizards are all female and use parthenogenesis.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:parthenogenesis:x3:1
# text = Whiptail lizards are all female and use parthenogenesis.
1	Whiptail	whiptail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	lizards	lizard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	all	all	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	female	female	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	use	use	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
8	parthenogenesis	parthenogenesis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Whiptail lizards |  |  |  |  | all, female *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | infinitive | Whiptail lizards *not said here* | parthenogenesis |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent parthenogenesis=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Parthenogenesis means a baby grows from an unfertilised egg.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:parthenogenesis:x4:1
# text = Parthenogenesis means a baby grows from an unfertilised egg.
1	Parthenogenesis	parthenogenesis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	unfertilised	unfertilised	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	egg	egg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Parthenogenesis |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **grow** | present | a baby |  |  |  |  | from a unfertilised egg | vn grow-26.2.1 «NP.product V PP.patient»: agent=Product from egg=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Male honeybees come from unfertilised eggs, a kind of parthenogenesis.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:parthenogenesis:x5:1
# text = Male honeybees come from unfertilised eggs, a kind of parthenogenesis.
1	Male	male	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	honeybees	honeybee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	unfertilised	unfertilised	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	parthenogenesis	parthenogenesis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Male honeybees | a kind of parthenogenesis |  | unfertilised eggs |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from egg=Initial\_Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists were surprised to find parthenogenesis in a shark.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:parthenogenesis:x6:1
# text = Scientists were surprised to find parthenogenesis in a shark.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	surprised	surprised	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
6	parthenogenesis	parthenogenesis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Scientists |  |  |  |  | surprised *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **find** | to-infinitive | Scientists *not said here* | parthenogenesis |  | a shark |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent parthenogenesis=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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