---
title: participle — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «participle» in the school dictionary: A participle is a form of a verb used to make tenses or used like an adjective. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# participle

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** participle, present participle, past participle, She, singing, I · **What happens:** be, use, make, end, run, eat · **To what, where:** form, verb, tenses, ing, ed, special form · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«participle» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [participle in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/participle.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A participle is a form of a verb used to make tenses or used like an adjective.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:participle:m1:1
# text = A participle is a form of a verb used to make tenses or used like an adjective.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	participle	participle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	_
12	tenses	tense	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	conj	_	_
15	like	like	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a participle | a form |  |  |  | of a verb | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a verb *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | tenses |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset tense=Product |
| 4 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | like a adjective | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The present participle ends in «-ing»: running, eating, singing.

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:participle:m2:1
# text = The present participle ends in «-ing»: running, eating, singing.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	participle	participle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	ends	end	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	ing	ing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
11	running	run	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	singing	sing	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **end** | present | the present participle |  |  | ing |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 2 | **run** | gerund | the present participle *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **eat** | gerund | the present participle *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **sing** *speech: express* | gerund | the present participle *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The past participle often ends in «-ed», «-en» or has a special form: walked, eaten, sung, gone.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:participle:m3:1
# text = The past participle often ends in «-ed», «-en» or has a special form: walked, eaten, sung, gone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	past	past	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	participle	participle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	often	often	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	ends	end	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	ed	ed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	en	en	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	special	special	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
22	walked	walk	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	20	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	eaten	eat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
28	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	26	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **end** | present | the past participle |  |  | ed and en |  | often *property* | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 2 | **have** | present | the past participle *not said here* | a special form |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent form=Patient |
| 3 | **walk** | participle |  | a special form *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **eat** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **sing** *speech: express* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **go** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In «She is singing», singing is the present participle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:participle:x1:1
# text = In «She is singing», singing is the present participle.
1	In	in	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	singing	sing	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	csubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	singing	sing	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	participle	participle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* *in a quote* | present · progressive | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location |
| 2 | **sing** *speech: express* | gerund | She *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | present | singing | the present participle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In «I have finished my homework», finished is the past participle.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:participle:x2:1
# text = In «I have finished my homework», finished is the past participle.
1	In	in	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	finished	finish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	advcl	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	finished	finish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	advcl	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	past	past	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	participle	participle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **finish** *in a quote* | present · perfect | I | my homework |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector homework=Eventuality |
| 2 | **finish** | participle | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 3 | **is a** | present |  | the past participle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The past participle of «go» is «gone».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:participle:x3:1
# text = The past participle of «go» is «gone».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	past	past	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	participle	participle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	gone	gone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** *in a quote* | infinitive | the past participle *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | the past participle |  |  |  |  | gone *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«A broken window» uses the past participle as an adjective.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:participle:x4:1
# text = «A broken window» uses the past participle as an adjective.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	broken	broken	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	past	past	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	participle	participle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | a broken window | the past participle |  |  |  | as a adjective | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent participle=Duration as adjective=Attribute |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write the past participle of «write»: written.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:participle:x5:1
# text = Write the past participle of «write»: written.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	past	past	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	participle	participle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	write	write	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
10	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | the past participle |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent participle=Theme |
| 2 | **write** *in a quote* | infinitive | the past participle *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **write** | participle | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some verbs have odd participles, such as swim, swam, swum.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:participle:x6:1
# text = Some verbs have odd participles, such as swim, swam, swum.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	verbs	verb	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	odd	odd	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	participles	participle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	9	case	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	fixed	_	_
9	swim	swim	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	swam	swim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	swum	swum	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some verbs | odd participles and swim |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent participle=Patient |
| 2 | **swim** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **swum** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Running late, we jumped in the car» starts with a participle phrase.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:participle:x7:1
# text = «Running late, we jumped in the car» starts with a participle phrase.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Running	run	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
3	late	late	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	jumped	jump	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
11	starts	start	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	participle	participle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	phrase	phrase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** *in a quote* | gerund | we *not said here* |  |  |  |  | late *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **jump** *in a quote* | past | we |  |  | the car |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in car=Trajectory |
| 3 | **start** | present | we *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with a participle phrase | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V PP.subeventuality»: agent=Eventuality with phrase=Subeventuality |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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