---
title: pasteurisation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «pasteurisation» in the school dictionary: Pasteurisation is heating milk, juice or other food to a set temperature for a short time to kill harmful germs, then cooling it quickly. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# pasteurisation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Pasteurisation, French scientist, Louis, tiny microbes, food, Most milk · **What happens:** heat, kill, cool, name, show, make · **To what, where:** milk, harmful germs, temperature, It, food, disease · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«pasteurisation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [pasteurisation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/pasteurisation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pasteurisation is heating milk, juice or other food to a set temperature for a short time to kill harmful germs, then cooling it quickly.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pasteurisation:m1:1
# text = Pasteurisation is heating milk, juice or other food to a set temperature for a short time to kill harmful germs, then cooling it quickly.
1	Pasteurisation	Pasteurisation	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	heating	heat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	juice	juice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	set	set	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	kill	kill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	acl	_	_
20	harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	germs	germ	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	24	advmod	_	_
24	cooling	cool	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	conj	_	_
25	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obj	_	_
26	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **heat** | present · progressive | Pasteurisation | milk and juice or other food |  |  |  | to a set temperature for a short time *result* | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent milk=Patient to temperature=Result |
| 2 | **kill** | to-infinitive | Pasteurisation *not said here* | harmful germs |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent germ=Theme |
| 3 | **cool** | gerund | Pasteurisation *not said here* | temperature |  |  | then | quickly *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is named after the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who showed that tiny microbes make food go bad and cause disease.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pasteurisation:m2:1
# text = It is named after the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who showed that tiny microbes make food go bad and cause disease.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	French	French	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:agent	_	_
8	Louis	Louis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
9	Pasteur	Pasteur	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
13	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
14	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	microbes	microbe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
16	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	ccomp	_	_
17	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
18	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	_
19	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	xcomp	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	conj	_	_
22	disease	disease	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **name** | present · passive | the French scientist | It |  |  |  |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **show** | past | Louis |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **make** | present | tiny microbes | food |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **go** | infinitive | food *not said here* |  |  |  |  | bad *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **cause** | infinitive | food *not said here* | disease |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition disease=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pasteurisation kills harmful bacteria in milk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pasteurisation:x1:1
# text = Pasteurisation kills harmful bacteria in milk.
1	Pasteurisation	Pasteurisation	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	kills	kill	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | present | Pasteurisation | harmful bacteria |  | milk |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Most milk in shops has gone through pasteurisation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pasteurisation:x2:1
# text = Most milk in shops has gone through pasteurisation.
1	Most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	2	amod	_	_
2	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	shops	shop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
7	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	pasteurisation	pasteurisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present · perfect | Most milk in shops |  |  | pasteurisation |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme through pasteurisation=Initial\_Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Louis Pasteur discovered the idea behind pasteurisation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pasteurisation:x3:1
# text = Louis Pasteur discovered the idea behind pasteurisation.
1	Louis	Louis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Pasteur	Pasteur	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	discovered	discover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	pasteurisation	pasteurisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **discover** | past | Louis | the idea |  | pasteurisation |  |  | vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pasteurised juice keeps longer than freshly squeezed juice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pasteurisation:x4:1
# text = Pasteurised juice keeps longer than freshly squeezed juice.
1	Pasteurised	pasteuris	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	juice	juice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	longer	long	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	3	advmod	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	freshly	freshly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	squeezed	squeeze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	juice	juice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pasteuris** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep** | present | Pasteurised juice |  |  |  |  | long *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **squeeze** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | freshly *property* | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pregnant women are often told to avoid unpasteurised cheese.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pasteurisation:x5:1
# text = Pregnant women are often told to avoid unpasteurised cheese.
1	Pregnant	pregnant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	women	woman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	often	often	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	told	tell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	avoid	avoid	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	unpasteurised	unpasteuris	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	cheese	cheese	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | Pregnant women |  |  |  | often *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **avoid** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | Pregnant women *not said here* | unpasteurised cheese |  |  |  |  | vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent cheese=Location |
| 3 | **unpasteuris** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In one common method, milk is heated to about 72 °C for 15 seconds.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pasteurisation:x6:1
# text = In one common method, milk is heated to about 72 °C for 15 seconds.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
3	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	method	method	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	heated	heat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	about	about	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	72	72	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	obl	_	_
12	°	°	SYM	SYM	_	13	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	C	c	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod:unmarked	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	16	nummod	_	_
16	seconds	second	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **heat** | present · passive |  | milk |  |  | second | to 72  ° C *result*; in one common method | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.result PP.instrument»: subject=Patient in method=Instrument to 72=Result |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our science poster showed the steps of pasteurisation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pasteurisation:x7:1
# text = Our science poster showed the steps of pasteurisation.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	poster	poster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	steps	step	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	pasteurisation	pasteurisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Our science poster | the steps of pasteurisation |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent step=Recipient |
| 2 | **post** |  | Our |  |  |  |  |  | nom poster «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
| 3 | **step** |  |  | pasteurisation |  |  |  |  | nom step «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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