---
title: pathogen — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «pathogen» in the school dictionary: A tiny living thing, such as a bacterium, virus or fungus, that can cause disease. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# pathogen

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** that, pathogen, germ, Viruses, Washing, Cooking chicken · **What happens:** cause, be, make, wash, remove, kill · **To what, where:** disease, germ, you, pathogens, hands, many pathogens

<!-- .vabout -->
«pathogen» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [pathogen in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/pathogen.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A tiny living thing, such as a bacterium, virus or fungus, that can cause disease.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pathogen:m1:1
# text = A tiny living thing, such as a bacterium, virus or fungus, that can cause disease.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	9	case	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bacterium	bacterium	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	fungus	fungus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj	_	_
16	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
17	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	parataxis	_	_
18	disease	disease	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | can | that | disease |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition disease=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A pathogen is a germ that makes you ill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pathogen:x1:1
# text = A pathogen is a germ that makes you ill.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pathogen	pathogen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	germ	germ	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	ill	ill	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a pathogen | a germ |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present | a germ | you |  |  |  | ill *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset you=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Viruses and bacteria can be pathogens.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pathogen:x2:1
# text = Viruses and bacteria can be pathogens.
1	Viruses	virus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
6	pathogens	pathogen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | Viruses and bacteria | pathogens |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Washing your hands removes many pathogens.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pathogen:x3:1
# text = Washing your hands removes many pathogens.
1	Washing	wash	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	removes	remove	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	pathogens	pathogen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wash** | gerund |  | your hands |  |  |  |  | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |
| 2 | **remove** | present | Washing | many pathogens |  |  |  |  | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pathogen=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cooking chicken properly kills the pathogens in it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pathogen:x4:1
# text = Cooking chicken properly kills the pathogens in it.
1	Cooking	cooking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	chicken	chicken	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	properly	properly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	kills	kill	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	pathogens	pathogen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | present | Cooking chicken | the pathogens |  | it |  | properly *property* | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pathogen=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
White blood cells fight pathogens in the body.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pathogen:x5:1
# text = White blood cells fight pathogens in the body.
1	White	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	fight	fight	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	pathogens	pathogen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fight** | present | White blood cells | pathogens |  | the body |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pathogen=Co-Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Not all bacteria are pathogens; some help us digest food.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pathogen:x6:1
# text = Not all bacteria are pathogens; some help us digest food.
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
2	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	det	_	_
3	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	pathogens	pathogen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	8	nsubj	_	_
8	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
10	digest	digest	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is a** | present | all bacteria | pathogens |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **help** | present | pathogens | us |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 3 | **digest** | infinitive | us *not said here* | food |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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