---
title: patina — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «patina» in the school dictionary: A patina is a thin green or brown layer that forms on copper, bronze and some other metals over time, like on the Statue of Liberty. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# patina

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** patina, thin green layer, old wood, Statue, old church roof, wooden handrail · **What happens:** be, form, get, have, develop, remove · **To what, where:** thin green layer, copper, soft shine, that, age, thin outer look

<!-- .vabout -->
«patina» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [patina in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/patina.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A patina is a thin green or brown layer that forms on copper, bronze and some other metals over time, like on the Statue of Liberty.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:patina:m1:1
# text = A patina is a thin green or brown layer that forms on copper, bronze and some other metals over time, like on the Statue of Liberty.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	patina	patina	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
5	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
6	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
9	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	copper	copper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	bronze	bronze	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	19	det	_	_
18	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	metals	metal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	_
20	over	over	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
23	like	like	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
24	on	on	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	Statue	Statue	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	Liberty	Liberty	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a patina | a thin green layer |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **form** | present | a thin green layer |  |  | copper and bronze and some other metals | time |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on copper=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A patina is the soft shine or worn look that old wood, leather or stone gets from age and use.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:patina:m2:1
# text = A patina is the soft shine or worn look that old wood, leather or stone gets from age and use.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	patina	patina	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	shine	shine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	worn	worn	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	look	look	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	obj	_	_
11	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	leather	leather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
17	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
18	from	from	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a patina | the soft shine or worn look |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** | present | old wood and leather or stone | that |  |  | from age and use |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent that=Theme from age=Source |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: figurative — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A patina is a thin outer look: «a patina of calm».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:patina:m3:1
# text = A patina is a thin outer look: «a patina of calm».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	patina	patina	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	look	look	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	patina	patina	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	calm	calm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a patina | a thin outer look |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Statue of Liberty is green because of its copper patina.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:patina:x1:1
# text = The Statue of Liberty is green because of its copper patina.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Statue	Statue	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Liberty	Liberty	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	fixed	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
10	copper	copper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	patina	patina	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the Statue of Liberty |  |  |  |  | because Statue's copper patina; green *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old church roof has a green patina.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:patina:x2:1
# text = The old church roof has a green patina.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	church	church	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	patina	patina	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the old church roof | a green patina |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent patina=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The wooden handrail had a shiny patina from many hands.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:patina:x3:1
# text = The wooden handrail had a shiny patina from many hands.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	handrail	handrail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	patina	patina	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the wooden handrail | a shiny patina |  | many hands |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent patina=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bronze statue developed a patina over the years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:patina:x4:1
# text = The bronze statue developed a patina over the years.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	bronze	bronze	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	statue	statue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	developed	develop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	patina	patina	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	over	over	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **develop** | past | the bronze statue | a patina |  |  | year |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent patina=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Polishing would remove the coin's patina.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:patina:x5:1
# text = Polishing would remove the coin's patina.
1	Polishing	polishing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	remove	remove	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	patina	patina	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remove** | would | Polishing | the coin's patina |  |  |  |  | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent patina=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Beneath a patina of calm, she was very nervous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:patina:x6:1
# text = Beneath a patina of calm, she was very nervous.
1	Beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	patina	patina	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	calm	calm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
7	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	very	very	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	nervous	nervous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | she |  |  |  |  | beneath a patina of calm; nervous *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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