---
title: pavement — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «pavement» in the school dictionary: In British English, a pavement is the path at the side of a road for people to walk on (in American English, the sidewalk; in Australia, often the footpath). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# pavement

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** pavement, you, Chalk drawings, we, Mai · **What happens:** be, walk, mean, stop, cross, cover · **To what, where:** path, British English, American English, hard surface, pavement, edge · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«pavement» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [pavement in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/pavement.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In British English, a pavement is the path at the side of a road for people to walk on (in American English, the sidewalk; in Australia, often the footpath).

<!-- fold The tree, 29 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pavement:m1:1
# text = In British English, a pavement is the path at the side of a road for people to walk on (in American English, the sidewalk; in Australia, often the footpath).
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	British	British	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	walk	walk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	acl	_	_
20	on	on	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
21	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	American	American	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	sidewalk	sidewalk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	30	punct	_	_
29	in	in	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
32	often	often	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	footpath	footpath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a pavement | the path |  | British English |  | at the side of a road for people; in Australia | tree rules |
| 2 | **walk** | to-infinitive | a pavement *not said here* |  |  | American English and the sidewalk |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on english=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In American English, pavement means the hard surface of a road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pavement:m2:1
# text = In American English, pavement means the hard surface of a road.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	American	American	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | pavement | the hard surface of a road |  |  |  | in American English | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot surface=Theme in english=Attribute |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Always walk on the pavement, not in the road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pavement:x1:1
# text = Always walk on the pavement, not in the road.
1	Always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	2	advmod	_	_
2	walk	walk	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | the pavement |  | in the road; always *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on pavement=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stop at the edge of the pavement before you cross.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pavement:x2:1
# text = Stop at the edge of the pavement before you cross.
1	Stop	stop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	at	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	cross	cross	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | the edge of the pavement |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at edge=Location |
| 2 | **cross** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chalk drawings covered the pavement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pavement:x3:1
# text = Chalk drawings covered the pavement.
1	Chalk	chalk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	drawings	drawing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past | Chalk drawings | the pavement |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme pavement=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The pavement was icy, so we walked slowly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pavement:x4:1
# text = The pavement was icy, so we walked slowly.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	icy	icy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
9	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the pavement |  |  |  |  | icy *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **walk** | past | we |  |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't ride your bike on a crowded pavement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pavement:x5:1
# text = Don't ride your bike on a crowded pavement.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	ride	ride	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	crowded	crowded	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **ride** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | your bike |  | a crowded pavement |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bike=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In America, the pavement is called the sidewalk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pavement:x6:1
# text = In America, the pavement is called the sidewalk.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sidewalk	sidewalk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | the pavement |  | America |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tree roots had cracked the pavement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pavement:x7:1
# text = Tree roots had cracked the pavement.
1	Tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	roots	root	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	cracked	crack	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crack** | past · perfect · passive |  | Tree roots |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Patient pavement=Result |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Mai--!" they said, as they were bumped upon the pavement.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:pavement:x8:1
# text = "Mai--!" they said, as they were bumped upon the pavement.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mai	Mai	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	bumped	bump	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	ccomp	_	_
13	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Mai |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **bump** | past · passive |  | they |  |  |  | upon the pavement | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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