---
title: paving — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «paving» in the school dictionary: Paving is flat stones, bricks or slabs used to cover the ground to make a path, patio or pavement. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# paving

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Paving, act, you, Workers, Weeds, brave work · **What happens:** be, use, cover, make, pave, mean · **To what, where:** flat stones, slabs, ground, path, act, way · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«paving» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [paving in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/paving.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paving is flat stones, bricks or slabs used to cover the ground to make a path, patio or pavement.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paving:m1:1
# text = Paving is flat stones, bricks or slabs used to cover the ground to make a path, patio or pavement.
1	Paving	paving	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	bricks	brick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	slabs	slab	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
9	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	cover	cover	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	patio	patio	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Paving | flat stones and bricks or slabs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | slabs *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **cover** | to-infinitive |  | the ground |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme ground=Destination |
| 4 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | a path and patio or pavement |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset path=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paving is the act of covering ground with these.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paving:m2:1
# text = Paving is the act of covering ground with these.
1	Paving	paving	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	covering	cover	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Paving | the act |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cover** | gerund | the act *not said here* | ground |  |  |  | with these | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent ground=Destination with this=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Paving the way" means making it easier for something to happen later.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paving:m3:1
# text = "Paving the way" means making it easier for something to happen later.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Paving	pave	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	xcomp	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	easier	easy	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	xcomp	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	obl	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	happen	happen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	acl	_	_
14	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pave** *in a quote* | gerund |  | the way |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme way=Destination |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Paving |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **make** *not said to happen* | gerund | Paving *not said here* | way |  |  |  | easy *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 4 | **happen** | to-infinitive | Paving *not said here* |  |  |  |  | late *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Watch out for the loose paving stones.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paving:x1:1
# text = Watch out for the loose paving stones.
1	Watch	watch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	out	out	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	loose	loose	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	paving	paving	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch out** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for the loose paving stones | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.theme NP.location»: agent=Agent for stone=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Workers are paving the new path.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paving:x2:1
# text = Workers are paving the new path.
1	Workers	worker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	paving	pave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pave** | present · progressive | Workers | the new path |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme path=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Crazy paving is made of odd-shaped stones.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paving:x3:1
# text = Crazy paving is made of odd-shaped stones.
1	Crazy	crazy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	paving	paving	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	odd	odd	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Crazy paving |  |  |  | of shaped stones | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **shape** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Weeds grow between the paving slabs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paving:x4:1
# text = Weeds grow between the paving slabs.
1	Weeds	weed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	between	between	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	paving	paving	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	slabs	slab	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | Weeds |  |  | the paving slabs |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme between slab=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her brave work paved the way for others.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paving:x5:1
# text = Her brave work paved the way for others.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	paved	pave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pave** | past | Her brave work | the way |  |  |  | for others | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme way=Destination |
| 2 | **work** |  | Her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't step on the cracks in the paving!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paving:x6:1
# text = Don't step on the cracks in the paving!
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	step	step	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cracks	crack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	paving	paving	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **step** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  | the cracks in the paving |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on crack=Trajectory |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was counting the paving stones, as he had done a thousand times before.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:paving:x7:1
# text = He was counting the paving stones, as he had done a thousand times before.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	counting	count	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	paving	paving	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	thousand	thousand	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl:unmarked	_	_
15	before	before	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **count** | past · progressive | He | the paving stones |  |  |  |  | vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Theme |
| 2 | **do** | past · perfect | he |  |  |  | time | before *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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