---
title: penalise — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «penalise» in the school dictionary: To penalise someone is to punish them for breaking a rule or law, for example with a penalty, a fine or lost points. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# penalise

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** referee, you, your, judges, dancer, formal new rule · **What happens:** penalise, be, break, lose, mean, put · **To what, where:** someone, rule, unfair disadvantage, team, You, project · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«penalise» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [penalise in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/penalise.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To penalise someone is to punish them for breaking a rule or law, for example with a penalty, a fine or lost points.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalise:m1:1
# text = To penalise someone is to punish them for breaking a rule or law, for example with a penalty, a fine or lost points.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	penalise	penalise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	punish	punish	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	penalty	penalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
23	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	amod	_	_
25	points	point	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **penalise** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | punish *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **break** | gerund |  | a rule or law |  |  |  | for example; with a penalty | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent rule=Patient with penalty=Instrument |
| 4 | **be** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **lose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To penalise can also mean to put someone at an unfair disadvantage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalise:m2:1
# text = To penalise can also mean to put someone at an unfair disadvantage.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	penalise	penalise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	put	put	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	unfair	unfair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	disadvantage	disadvantage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **penalise** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **put** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | someone |  | a unfair disadvantage |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent someone=Theme at disadvantage=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The referee penalised the team for a high tackle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalise:x1:1
# text = The referee penalised the team for a high tackle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	referee	referee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	penalised	penalis	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	tackle	tackle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **penalis** | past | the referee | the team |  |  |  | for a high tackle | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You will be penalised if you hand in your project late.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalise:x2:1
# text = You will be penalised if you hand in your project late.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	penalised	penalis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	hand	hand	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	project	project	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	late	late	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **penalis** | future · passive |  | You |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **hand** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | you |  |  | your project |  | late *property* | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **project** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom project «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Drivers are penalised for speeding.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalise:x3:1
# text = Drivers are penalised for speeding.
1	Drivers	driver	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	penalised	penalis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	speeding	speeding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **penalis** | present · passive |  | Drivers |  |  |  | for speeding | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The judges penalised the dancer for stepping off the stage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalise:x4:1
# text = The judges penalised the dancer for stepping off the stage.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	judges	judge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	penalised	penalis	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	dancer	dancer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	stepping	step	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
8	off	off	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	stage	stage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **penalis** | past | the judges | the dancer |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **step off** | gerund | the dancer *not said here* | the stage |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location stage=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(formal) The new rule penalises families who live far from school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalise:x5:1
# text = (formal) The new rule penalises families who live far from school.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	penalises	penalis	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	families	family	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
9	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	10	advmod	_	_
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **penalis** | present | the formal new rule | families |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | present | families |  |  | school |  | far *property* | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the quiz, wrong answers are penalised with minus one point.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalise:x6:1
# text = In the quiz, wrong answers are penalised with minus one point.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	quiz	quiz	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	answers	answer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	penalised	penalis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	minus	minus	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
11	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	point	point	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **penalis** | present · passive |  | wrong answers |  | the quiz |  | with minus one point | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was penalised two points for poor spelling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalise:x7:1
# text = He was penalised two points for poor spelling.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	penalised	penalis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	points	point	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **penalis** | past · passive |  | He |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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