---
title: penalty — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «penalty» in the school dictionary: A penalty is a punishment for breaking a rule or a law, such as paying money (a fine). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# penalty

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** penalty, punishment, other team, team, referee, She · **What happens:** be, break, pay, give, score, win · **To what, where:** punishment, rule, money, free chance, sports football, one team

<!-- .vabout -->
«penalty» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [penalty in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/penalty.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A penalty is a punishment for breaking a rule or a law, such as paying money (a fine).

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalty:m1:1
# text = A penalty is a punishment for breaking a rule or a law, such as paying money (a fine).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	penalty	penalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	punishment	punishment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=SCONJ	16	mark	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	fixed	_	_
16	paying	pay	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
17	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
18	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a penalty | a punishment |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **break** | gerund | a punishment *not said here* | a rule or a law |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rule=Patient |
| 3 | **pay** | gerund | a punishment *not said here* | money |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In sports like football (soccer), rugby or hockey, a penalty is a free chance given to one team because the other team broke a rule; in football it is a shot at goal from a spot near the goal.

<!-- fold The tree, 39 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalty:m2:1
# text = In sports like football (soccer), rugby or hockey, a penalty is a free chance given to one team because the other team broke a rule; in football it is a shot at goal from a spot near the goal.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	sports	sport	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	compound	_	_
3	like	like	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
5	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	soccer	soccer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	rugby	rugby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	hockey	hockey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	penalty	penalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	free	free	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	chance	chance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
19	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	acl	_	_
20	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	22	nummod	_	_
22	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
23	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	27	mark	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nsubj	_	_
27	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	advcl	_	_
28	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	36	punct	_	_
31	in	in	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obl	_	_
33	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	36	nsubj	_	_
34	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	36	cop	_	_
35	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	shot	shot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	_
37	at	at	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	goal	goal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nmod	_	_
39	from	from	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
41	spot	spot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nmod	_	_
42	near	near	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
43	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
44	goal	goal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a penalty | a free chance and a shot |  | sports football and rugby or hockey |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **give** | participle |  | a free chance and a shot *not said here* | one team |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to team=Recipient |
| 3 | **break** | past | the other team | a rule |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rule=Patient |
| 4 | **is a** | present | team | a shot |  | football |  | at goal; from a spot near the goal | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The referee gave our team a penalty.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalty:x1:1
# text = The referee gave our team a penalty.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	referee	referee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	iobj	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	penalty	penalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the referee | a penalty | our team |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent team=Recipient penalty=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She scored the penalty and we won 2–1.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalty:x2:1
# text = She scored the penalty and we won 2–1.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	scored	score	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	penalty	penalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	–	–	SYM	SYM	ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	1	1	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **score** | past | She | the penalty |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent penalty=Theme |
| 2 | **win** | past | we | 2 |  |  |  | – 1 | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 2=Eventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The match ended in a penalty shoot-out.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalty:x3:1
# text = The match ended in a penalty shoot-out.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	match	match	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	ended	end	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	penalty	penalty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
7	shoot	shoot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	out	out	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **end** | past | the match |  |  | a penalty shoot out |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There is a penalty for returning library books late.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalty:x4:1
# text = There is a penalty for returning library books late.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	penalty	penalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	returning	return	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	late	late	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | a penalty |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **return** | gerund | a penalty *not said here* | library books |  |  |  | late *property* | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent book=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dropping litter can bring a penalty of fifty dollars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalty:x5:1
# text = Dropping litter can bring a penalty of fifty dollars.
1	Dropping	drop	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	litter	litter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	bring	bring	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	penalty	penalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	fifty	fifty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drop** | gerund |  | litter |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent litter=Theme |
| 2 | **bring** | can | Dropping | a penalty of fifty dollars |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent penalty=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In hockey a player who trips someone goes to the penalty box.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalty:x6:1
# text = In hockey a player who trips someone goes to the penalty box.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	hockey	hockey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	player	player	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	trips	trip	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	_
8	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	penalty	penalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	box	box	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **trip** | present | a player | someone |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Agent |
| 2 | **go** | present | a player |  |  | hockey |  | to the penalty box | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to box=Initial\_Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The penalty for cheating on the test was a zero.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalty:x7:1
# text = The penalty for cheating on the test was a zero.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	penalty	penalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	cheating	cheat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	zero	zero	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cheat** | gerund | the penalty *not said here* |  |  | the test |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | past | the penalty | a zero |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And if he failed, his head would pay the penalty.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penalty:x8:1
# text = And if he failed, his head would pay the penalty.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
2	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	failed	fail	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	penalty	penalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fail** *a condition, not said to happen* | past | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **pay** | would | his head | the penalty |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent penalty=Asset |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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