---
title: penguin — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «penguin» in the school dictionary: A black-and-white sea bird that cannot fly, swims very well using its wings as flippers, and lives mostly in the cold far south. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# penguin

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** black white sea bird, Penguins, Emperor penguins, penguin, Little penguins, black back · **What happens:** not fly, swim, use, live, be, huddle · **To what, where:** wings, cold, great swimmers, ice, south, front

<!-- .vabout -->
«penguin» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [penguin in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/penguin.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A black-and-white sea bird that cannot fly, swims very well using its wings as flippers, and lives mostly in the cold far south.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penguin:m1:1
# text = A black-and-white sea bird that cannot fly, swims very well using its wings as flippers, and lives mostly in the cold far south.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
2	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
10	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	fly	fly	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
14	swims	swim	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	very	very	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	14	advmod	_	_
17	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	advcl	_	_
18	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	_
20	as	as	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	flippers	flipper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
25	mostly	mostly	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
29	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	30	advmod	_	_
30	south	south	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **fly** | can | a black white sea bird |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **swim** | present | a black white sea bird |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **use** | gerund | a black white sea bird *not said here* | bird's wings |  |  |  | as flippers | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent wing=Duration as flipper=Attribute |
| 4 | **live** | present | a black white sea bird *not said here* |  |  | the cold |  | mostly, south *property* | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in cold=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Penguins cannot fly, but they are great swimmers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penguin:x1:1
# text = Penguins cannot fly, but they are great swimmers.
1	Penguins	penguin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	fly	fly	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	swimmers	swimmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **fly** | can | Penguins |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Penguins *= penguin* | great swimmers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Emperor penguins huddle together to keep warm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penguin:x2:1
# text = Emperor penguins huddle together to keep warm.
1	Emperor	emperor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	penguins	penguin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	huddle	huddle	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	together	together	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **huddle** | present | Emperor penguins |  |  |  |  | together *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **keep** | to-infinitive | Emperor penguins *not said here* |  |  |  |  | warm *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The penguin waddled across the ice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penguin:x3:1
# text = The penguin waddled across the ice.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	penguin	penguin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	waddled	waddle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	across	across	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **waddle** | past | the penguin |  |  | the ice |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across ice=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Penguins live in the south, not at the North Pole with polar bears.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penguin:x4:1
# text = Penguins live in the south, not at the North Pole with polar bears.
1	Penguins	penguin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	south	south	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	Pole	Pole	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	polar	polar	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	bears	bear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | Penguins |  |  | the south |  | at the North Pole; with polar bears | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in south=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Little penguins come ashore at night in Australia and New Zealand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penguin:x5:1
# text = Little penguins come ashore at night in Australia and New Zealand.
1	Little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	penguins	penguin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	ashore	ashore	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	flat	_	_
11	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Little penguins |  |  |  | night | ashore *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A penguin's black back and white front help it hide in the sea.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penguin:x6:1
# text = A penguin's black back and white front help it hide in the sea.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	penguin	penguin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	front	front	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
9	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	hide	hide	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | a penguin's black back and white front | front |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent it=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **hide** | infinitive | front *not said here* |  |  | the sea |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in sea=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Penguins eat fish, squid and krill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penguin:x7:1
# text = Penguins eat fish, squid and krill.
1	Penguins	penguin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	eat	eat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	squid	squid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	krill	krill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | present | Penguins | fish and squid and krill |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fish=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The father penguin keeps the egg warm on his feet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penguin:x8:1
# text = The father penguin keeps the egg warm on his feet.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	penguin	penguin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	egg	egg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | the father penguin | the egg |  | penguin's feet |  | warm *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent egg=Theme on foot=Location |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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