---
title: penicillin — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «penicillin» in the school dictionary: A medicine made from a mould that kills many bacteria; it is an antibiotic used to treat infections. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# penicillin

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** mould, medicine, doctor, Alexander, mum, Penicillin · **What happens:** make, kill, be, use, treat, give · **To what, where:** medicine, mould, many bacteria, antibiotic, infections, penicillin

<!-- .vabout -->
«penicillin» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [penicillin in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/penicillin.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A medicine made from a mould that kills many bacteria; it is an antibiotic used to treat infections.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penicillin:m1:1
# text = A medicine made from a mould that kills many bacteria; it is an antibiotic used to treat infections.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	mould	mould	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	kills	kill	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	antibiotic	antibiotic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
16	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	treat	treat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	advcl	_	_
19	infections	infection	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a medicine *not said here* |  | a mould |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from mould=Material |
| 2 | **kill** | present | a mould | many bacteria |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | present | a medicine | a antibiotic |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **use** | participle |  | a antibiotic *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **treat** | to-infinitive |  | infections |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent infection=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor gave me penicillin for my sore throat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penicillin:x1:1
# text = The doctor gave me penicillin for my sore throat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	penicillin	penicillin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	sore	sore	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	throat	throat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the doctor | penicillin | me |  |  | for my sore throat | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP NP PP.asset»: agent=Agent i=Recipient penicillin=Theme for throat=Asset |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by accident.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penicillin:x2:1
# text = Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by accident.
1	Alexander	Alexander	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Fleming	Fleming	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	discovered	discover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	penicillin	penicillin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	accident	accident	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **discover** | past | Alexander | penicillin |  |  |  | by accident | vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent penicillin=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Penicillin is made from a mould.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penicillin:x3:1
# text = Penicillin is made from a mould.
1	Penicillin	penicillin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	mould	mould	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Penicillin |  | a mould |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: subject=Product from mould=Material |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My mum is allergic to penicillin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penicillin:x4:1
# text = My mum is allergic to penicillin.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	allergic	allergic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	penicillin	penicillin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | My mum |  |  |  |  | to penicillin; allergic *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Penicillin kills bacteria but not viruses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penicillin:x5:1
# text = Penicillin kills bacteria but not viruses.
1	Penicillin	penicillin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	kills	kill	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	viruses	virus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | present | Penicillin | bacteria but viruses |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Finish the whole course of penicillin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penicillin:x6:1
# text = Finish the whole course of penicillin.
1	Finish	finish	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	course	course	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	penicillin	penicillin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **finish** | imperative | you *not said here* | the whole course of penicillin |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality course=Eventuality |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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