---
title: penniless — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «penniless» in the school dictionary: Having no money at all; very poor. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# penniless

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**Who acts:** He, his, Toad, penniless orphan, They, She · **What happens:** have, be, lose, job, escape, sleep · **To what, where:** money, all, job, prison penniless, bridge, new country

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«penniless» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [penniless in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/penniless.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Having no money at all; very poor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penniless:m1:1
# text = Having no money at all; very poor.
1	Having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
2	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	3	det	_	_
3	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | gerund |  | no money |  | all |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was penniless after losing his job.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penniless:x1:1
# text = He was penniless after losing his job.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	penniless	penniless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	losing	lose	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | He |  |  |  |  | penniless *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **lose** | gerund | He *not said here* | his job |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Eventuality |
| 3 | **job** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom job «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toad escaped from prison penniless.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penniless:x2:1
# text = Toad escaped from prison penniless.
1	Toad	Toad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	escaped	escape	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	prison	prison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	penniless	penniless	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **escape** | past | Toad |  |  | prison penniless |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from penniless=Initial\_Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The penniless orphan slept under a bridge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penniless:x3:1
# text = The penniless orphan slept under a bridge.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	penniless	penniless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	orphan	orphan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	slept	sleep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	under	under	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sleep** | past | the penniless orphan |  |  | a bridge |  |  | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They arrived in the new country penniless but hopeful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penniless:x4:1
# text = They arrived in the new country penniless but hopeful.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	penniless	penniless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	hopeful	hopeful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arrive** | past | They |  |  | the new country |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She spent all her money and was left penniless: £0.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penniless:x5:1
# text = She spent all her money and was left penniless: £0.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spent	spend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	5	det:predet	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
9	penniless	penniless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
11	£	£	SYM	$	_	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	0	0	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | past | She | her money |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Asset |
| 2 | **leave** | past · passive | She *not said here* |  |  |  |  | penniless *property* | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V» |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The penniless inventor later became rich.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:penniless:x6:1
# text = The penniless inventor later became rich.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	penniless	penniless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	inventor	inventor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	5	advmod	_	_
5	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	rich	rich	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | past | the penniless inventor |  |  |  |  | late, rich *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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