---
title: perforation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «perforation» in the school dictionary: A small hole, or one of a line of small holes, made in paper so it can be torn off neatly. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# perforation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** hole, you, Stamps, Toilet paper, doctor, perforation · **What happens:** make, tear off, not have, perforate, tear, have · **To what, where:** small hole, paper, hole, one, coupon, tiny perforations · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«perforation» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [perforation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/perforation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A small hole, or one of a line of small holes, made in paper so it can be torn off neatly.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perforation:m1:1
# text = A small hole, or one of a line of small holes, made in paper so it can be torn off neatly.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	appos	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
17	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	obl	_	_
19	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
20	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	torn	tear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
22	off	off	ADP	RP	_	21	compound:prt	_	_
23	neatly	neatly	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a small hole *not said here* |  | paper |  | so hole | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **tear off** | can · passive |  | a small hole |  |  |  | neatly *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hole made through something.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perforation:m2:1
# text = A hole made through something.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	through	through	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a hole *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: medicine — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hole in a part of the body that should not have one, such as a perforated eardrum.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perforation:m3:1
# text = A hole in a part of the body that should not have one, such as a perforated eardrum.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
10	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	acl:relcl	_	_
13	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	19	case	_	_
16	as	as	ADP	IN	_	15	fixed	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	perforated	perforate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	amod	_	_
19	eardrum	eardrum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **have** | should | a hole in a part of the body and a perforated eardrum | one |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Patient |
| 2 | **perforate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tear the coupon along the perforation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perforation:x1:1
# text = Tear the coupon along the perforation.
1	Tear	tear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	coupon	coupon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	along	along	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	perforation	perforation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tear** | imperative | you *not said here* | the coupon |  |  |  | along the perforation | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location coupon=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stamps have tiny perforations around their edges.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perforation:x2:1
# text = Stamps have tiny perforations around their edges.
1	Stamps	stamp	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	perforations	perforation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	around	around	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	edges	edge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Stamps | tiny perforations |  | Stamps's edges |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent perforation=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toilet paper has perforations so you can tear one sheet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perforation:x3:1
# text = Toilet paper has perforations so you can tear one sheet.
1	Toilet	toilet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	perforations	perforation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	tear	tear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	sheet	sheet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Toilet paper | perforations |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent perforation=Patient |
| 2 | **tear** | can | you | one sheet |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location sheet=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor said he had a small perforation in his eardrum.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perforation:x4:1
# text = The doctor said he had a small perforation in his eardrum.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	perforation	perforation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	eardrum	eardrum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the doctor |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** | past | doctor | a small perforation |  | doctor's eardrum |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent perforation=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draw a dotted line to show where the perforation goes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perforation:x5:1
# text = Draw a dotted line to show where the perforation goes.
1	Draw	draw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	dotted	dot	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
7	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	10	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	perforation	perforation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | imperative | you *not said here* | a dotted line |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent line=Theme |
| 2 | **dot** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **show** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **go** | present | the perforation |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The metal sheet was full of perforations to let air through.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perforation:x6:1
# text = The metal sheet was full of perforations to let air through.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	sheet	sheet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	perforations	perforation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
10	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	through	through	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the metal sheet |  |  |  |  | of perforations; full *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **let** | to-infinitive | the metal sheet *not said here* | air |  |  |  | through *property* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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