---
title: perfume — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «perfume» in the school dictionary: A liquid with a nice strong smell that people put on their skin. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# perfume

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** people, Mum, perfume, smell, you, Grandma · **What happens:** put, give, get, fill, perfume, spread · **To what, where:** nice strong smell, skin, something, bottle, garden, roses

<!-- .vabout -->
«perfume» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [perfume in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/perfume.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A liquid with a nice strong smell that people put on their skin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:m1:1
# text = A liquid with a nice strong smell that people put on their skin.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	nice	nice	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	obj	_	_
9	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | past | people | a nice strong smell |  | people's skin |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent that=Theme on skin=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A pleasant smell, like that of flowers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:m2:1
# text = A pleasant smell, like that of flowers.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	pleasant	pleasant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	nmod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To give something a nice smell.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:m3:1
# text = To give something a nice smell.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	give	give	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	nice	nice	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent something=Recipient smell=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum got a bottle of perfume for her birthday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:x1:1
# text = Mum got a bottle of perfume for her birthday.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bottle	bottle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	perfume	perfume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	birthday	birthday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | Mum | a bottle of perfume |  |  |  | for Mum's birthday | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent bottle=Theme for birthday=Source |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The perfume of the roses filled the garden.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:x2:1
# text = The perfume of the roses filled the garden.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	perfume	perfume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	roses	rose	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | past | the perfume of the roses | the garden |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent garden=Patient |
| 2 | **perfume** |  |  | the roses |  |  |  |  | nom perfume «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The smell of the perfume spread across the room.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:x3:1
# text = The smell of the perfume spread across the room.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	perfume	perfume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	across	across	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | past | the smell of the perfume |  |  | the room |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme across room=Destination |
| 2 | **smell** |  | the perfume |  |  |  |  |  | nom smell «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't spray perfume near your eyes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:x4:1
# text = Don't spray perfume near your eyes.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	spray	spray	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	perfume	perfume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	near	near	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **spray** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | perfume |  | your eyes |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent perfume=Theme near eye=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma's perfume smells of lavender.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:x5:1
# text = Grandma's perfume smells of lavender.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	perfume	perfume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	smells	smell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	lavender	lavender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smell** | present | Grandma's perfume |  |  |  |  | of lavender | vn smell\_emission-43.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Location of lavender=Theme |
| 2 | **perfume** |  | Grandma |  |  |  |  |  | nom perfume «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Perfume is made from flowers, spices and other things.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:x6:1
# text = Perfume is made from flowers, spices and other things.
1	Perfume	perfume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	spices	spice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Perfume |  | flowers and spices and other things |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: subject=Product from flower=Material |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The air was perfumed with honeysuckle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:x7:1
# text = The air was perfumed with honeysuckle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	perfumed	perfume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	honeysuckle	honeysuckle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **perfume** | past · passive |  | the air |  |  |  | with honeysuckle | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with honeysuckle=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Too much perfume can give people a headache.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:x8:1
# text = Too much perfume can give people a headache.
1	Too	too	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	perfume	perfume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	iobj	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	headache	headache	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | can | much perfume | a headache | people |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent people=Recipient headache=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Do you not smell the sweet perfume from flower and bush?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:perfume:x9:1
# text = Do you not smell the sweet perfume from flower and bush?
1	Do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	smell	smell	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	sweet	sweet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	perfume	perfume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	flower	flower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	bush	bush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **smell** | present · do-support | you | the sweet perfume |  | flower and bush |  |  | vn see-30.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer perfume=Stimulus |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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