---
title: permafrost — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «permafrost» in the school dictionary: Ground that stays frozen all year round for at least two years in a row, found in very cold places like the Arctic, Siberia, Alaska and northern Canada. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# permafrost

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Scientists, climate, permafrost, Trees, Thawing · **What happens:** freeze, find, be, build, warm, thaw · **To what, where:** Ground, cold places, ground permafrost, northern Canada, baby mammoth, permafrost

<!-- .vabout -->
«permafrost» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [permafrost in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/permafrost.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ground that stays frozen all year round for at least two years in a row, found in very cold places like the Arctic, Siberia, Alaska and northern Canada.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:permafrost:m1:1
# text = Ground that stays frozen all year round for at least two years in a row, found in very cold places like the Arctic, Siberia, Alaska and northern Canada.
1	Ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stays	stay	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	frozen	freeze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	round	round	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	least	least	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	11	nmod	_	_
11	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	row	row	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	very	very	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	_
22	like	like	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	Arctic	Arctic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	Siberia	Siberia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
28	Alaska	Alaska	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	conj	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
30	northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **freeze** | present · passive |  | Ground |  |  | year | round *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result |
| 2 | **find** | participle |  |  |  | cold places like the Arctic and Siberia and Alaska and northern Canada |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In northern Canada, the ground under the moss is permafrost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:permafrost:x1:1
# text = In northern Canada, the ground under the moss is permafrost.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
7	under	under	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	moss	moss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	permafrost	permafrost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | ground permafrost |  | northern Canada |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists found a baby mammoth frozen in the permafrost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:permafrost:x2:1
# text = Scientists found a baby mammoth frozen in the permafrost.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	mammoth	mammoth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	frozen	freeze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	permafrost	permafrost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | Scientists | a baby mammoth |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mammoth=Topic |
| 2 | **freeze** | participle |  | a baby mammoth *not said here* |  | the permafrost |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Houses in Siberia are built on stilts above the permafrost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:permafrost:x3:1
# text = Houses in Siberia are built on stilts above the permafrost.
1	Houses	house	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	Siberia	Siberia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	stilts	stilt	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
8	above	above	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	permafrost	permafrost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | present · passive |  | Houses in Siberia |  | stilts above the permafrost |  |  | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme on stilt=Source |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As the climate warms, the permafrost is thawing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:permafrost:x4:1
# text = As the climate warms, the permafrost is thawing.
1	As	as	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	climate	climate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	warms	warm	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	permafrost	permafrost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	thawing	thaw	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **warm** | present | the climate |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **thaw** | present · progressive | the permafrost |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Trees cannot grow deep roots in permafrost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:permafrost:x5:1
# text = Trees cannot grow deep roots in permafrost.
1	Trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	roots	root	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	permafrost	permafrost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **grow** | can | Trees | deep roots |  | permafrost |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location root=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thawing permafrost lets out greenhouse gases.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:permafrost:x6:1
# text = Thawing permafrost lets out greenhouse gases.
1	Thawing	thaw	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	csubj	_	_
2	permafrost	permafrost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	lets	let	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	greenhouse	greenhouse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	gases	gas	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **thaw** | gerund |  | permafrost |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient permafrost=Result |
| 2 | **let out** | present | Thawing | greenhouse gases |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gas=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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