---
title: personally — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «personally» in the school dictionary: Used to give your own opinion. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# personally

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** your, you, I, head teacher, pizza, author · **What happens:** use, give, opine, do, job, take · **To what, where:** own opinion, yourself, it, something, cats, us · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«personally» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [personally in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/personally.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Used to give your own opinion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:m1:1
# text = Used to give your own opinion.
1	Used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	to	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
3	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	opinion	opinion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **give** | to-infinitive |  | your own opinion |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent opinion=Theme |
| 3 | **opine** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom opinion «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Personally, I prefer cats.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:m1e:1
# text = Personally, I prefer cats.
1	Personally	personally	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	prefer	prefer	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	cats	cat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prefer** | present | I | cats |  |  |  | personally *property* | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer cat=Stimulus |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Done by you yourself, not by someone else.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:m2:1
# text = Done by you yourself, not by someone else.
1	Done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	1	obl	_	_
4	yourself	yourself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obl:agent	_	_
9	else	else	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | participle |  | yourself |  |  |  | by you | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The head teacher personally thanked us.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:m2e:1
# text = The head teacher personally thanked us.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	personally	personally	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	thanked	thank	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **thank** *speech: thank* | past | the head teacher |  | us |  |  | personally *property* | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As a person, not about your job or skill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:m3:1
# text = As a person, not about your job or skill.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	skill	skill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **job** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom job «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I don't know him personally.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:m3e:1
# text = I don't know him personally.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	personally	personally	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **know** | present · do-support | I | him *= he* |  |  |  | personally *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer he=Stimulus |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Take it personally»: to feel hurt as if something was aimed at you.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:m4:1
# text = «Take it personally»: to feel hurt as if something was aimed at you.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	personally	personally	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	feel	feel	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	hurt	hurt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	xcomp	_	_
10	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
11	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
12	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	aimed	aim	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	advcl	_	_
15	at	at	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** *in a quote* | imperative | you *not said here* | it |  |  |  | personally *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 2 | **feel** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-2 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **hurt** | participle | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **aim** | past · passive |  | something |  |  |  | at you | vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Personally, I think pizza is better than burgers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:x1:1
# text = Personally, I think pizza is better than burgers.
1	Personally	personally	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	think	think	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	pizza	pizza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	ccomp	_	_
8	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	burgers	burger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **think** *speech: other* | present | I |  |  |  |  | personally *property* | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | pizza |  |  |  |  | than burgers; good *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The author personally signed our books.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:x2:1
# text = The author personally signed our books.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	author	author	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	personally	personally	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	signed	sign	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sign** | past | the author | our books |  |  |  | personally *property* | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent book=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I don't know the mayor personally.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:x3:1
# text = I don't know the mayor personally.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	mayor	mayor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	personally	personally	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **know** | present · do-support | I | the mayor |  |  |  | personally *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer mayor=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't take it personally — the coach shouts at everyone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:x4:1
# text = Don't take it personally — the coach shouts at everyone.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	personally	personally	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
6	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	shouts	shout	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **take** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | it |  |  |  | personally *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 2 | **shout** *speech: express* | present | the coach |  |  | everyone |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She personally checked every answer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:x5:1
# text = She personally checked every answer.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	personally	personally	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	checked	check	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **check** | past | She | every answer |  |  |  | personally *property* | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent answer=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Personally speaking, I'd rather stay in.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:x6:1
# text = Personally speaking, I'd rather stay in.
1	Personally	personally	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	'd	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	rather	rather	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	stay	stay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  | personally *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **stay in** | would | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He had often watched them flying across the sea, but he had never expected to get to know one personally.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:personally:x7:1
# text = He had often watched them flying across the sea, but he had never expected to get to know one personally.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	often	often	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	watched	watch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	flying	fly	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
7	across	across	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
12	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
14	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
15	expected	expect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	xcomp	_	_
20	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	19	obj	_	_
21	personally	personally	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch** | past · perfect | He | them *= they* |  |  |  | often *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **fly** | gerund | them *= they* *not said here* |  |  | the sea |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across sea=Trajectory |
| 3 | **not** **expect** | past · perfect · passive |  | he |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **get** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 5 | **know** | to-infinitive | he *not said here* | one |  |  |  | personally *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer one=Stimulus |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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